http://zbiory.cyfrowaetnografia.pl/public/91.pdf
Media
Part of Różne / LUD 1954 t.41 cz.1
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1286
"Ze studiów nad tekami KoLberga".
"WpŁyw O. KoLberga na następne pokoLenie etnografów".
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etnografia,
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badań
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e w o l u c j i stosunków
BPYEJIEBCKH
Powyższy wykaz tematów nie jest rzecz prosta obowiązujący ani pełny.
stanowi ledwie szkic tej tematyki, która poza przyczynkami
biograficznymi
powinna wejść do 42 tomu "Ludu".
Zwracając się tym pismem do wszystkich etnografów Redakcja ma nadzieję, że znajdzie ono żywy oddźwięk - tom zaś XLII "Ludu" wypełni tę
Inkę, jaka istnieje w zakresie opracowań biograficznych,
związanych z centralną postacią etnograf.ii polskiej (1814-1890) ubiegłego wieku, jaką był
Oskar Kolberg. Obok projektowanego
tomu "Ludu", Polskie Towarzystwo
Ludoznawcze przygotowuje
obecnie do druku korespondencję
O. Kolberga
w ramach
"Prac i Materiałów
Etnograficznych";
Towarzystwo
posiada
w Archiwum teki Kolberga, które zostały oddane w depozyt przez Polską
Akademię Nauk i z których można koszystać na miejscu.
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"Ze studiów nad tekami Kolberga".
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Powyższy wykaz tematów nie jest rzecz prosta obowiązujący
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biograficznymi
powinna wejść do 42 tomu "Ludu".
Zwracając się tym pismem do wszystkich etnografów Redakcja ma nadzieję, że znajdzie ono żywy oddźwięk - tom zaś XLII "Ludu" wypełni tę
lukę, jaka istnieje w zakresie opracowań biograficznych,
związanych z centralną postacią etnografii polskiej (1814-1890)
ubiegłego wieku, jaką był
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O. Kolberga
w ramach
"Prac i Materiałów
Etnograficznych";
Towarzystwo
posiada
w Archiwum teki Kolberga, które zostały oddane w depozyt przez Polską
Akademię Nauk i z których można koszystać na miejscu,
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q.
I. CTp. 137-138.
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(BIlTOJlh,D;Ap889
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B. H. BeJll1qep. HapO,l.lIIaH o,!\e,KAa Y,I(MYPTOB,MaTepHJlhl K ~łTHoreHe3Y
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"Cesky Lid" Ccskoslov. Akad. Vied. Praha 1946-1951
914
BhlIT. J -6 (l1r-;phT ,l(oM50pCKH) .
Cesko-slovenska
etnografia
C. S. A. V. Praha 1953
EB<l B P a 6 q o B a: COBeTCK<-lHcPOJThKJIOpl1CTI1KaH<lWH;I;l.npHMepO~l (r.esume O'X''leTaHa I KOllqJepeHl..\TIl1 'leXOCJlOBaL\KVlXcj)OJIhKJIO930
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.
935
Pe3o.']JOl..\I1H III Bceo6!..I.1erocYl\apCTBeI-U10i1pa6()'leii: KOHCj:JepeHl-\11II
'leXOC,JIOBal..\KI1XeTHorpacPoB.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
937
AHTpOnOJIOrl1H (BcTYIT.'IeHHeBoMl..\exa <peTTepa K CTaThe NI. <P. HecTypxa B BOJlhWo~i COBeTcKoi1 3Hql1KJlOrreAMH (nepeB. 31\HLIJIHl
Q)V>:IllepoBoi1)
.
940
"Buletin
I Institutit
the Shkencavet",
Tirana 1951 nr 1,2
(BaL\JlaB ~YlMOXOBCKYl) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
941
Andre L e l' o i - G o U l' h a n - "Evolution
et techniques".
Milieu et
Techniques.
Ed. Albin Michel,Paris
1945 sir. 612 (HHI1Ha TYBaHYBHa)
953
Paul R i vet, Georges de C l' e q u i - M o n f o l' t. BJ15m:lOrpacPJ1H H3hlKOB
yamara
et kicua. Centre National
de la Recherche
Scientifique
Paris 1951 (Ta,l\eyw MHJleBcKu).
.
.
.
.
.
•
'.
961
"Le Mois d'ethnographie
fran<;aise" r.6 nr.l Paris 1952(E. IIp)j{eCJIaBcKa)
Proces - Verbaux
Mensuales
de la Societe Dauphinoise
d'Ethnologie et d'Archeologie
l/52 r. 27 (EJIeHa IIp)j{eCJIaEcKa)
. . . .
965
"Bulletin
de l'Institut
Fran<;ais d'Afrique
Noire", Dakar 1952 nr 3
(NIapMJr <ppaHKoBcKa)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
971
"Bulletin
de la Societe Royale BeIge d'Anthropologie
et de Prehistoire-"· r. 1949-50 To 40-41
(EJleHa IIp>Kec.T!aBcKa).
.
.
.
9'14
"Anthrop03",
Revue Internationale
d'Ethnologie
et de Linguistique
WBeHl.!apH5I Anthrop.-Institut
1953 T. 48 (Ta,l\eyw Bpy6J1eBcKIl)
977
Hakan F er n h o 1 m, "Ljusterfiske".
Stocholm 1942 T. VI
(M<lpvIH
990
3HaMepoBcKa-.IIpy<:p<!>epoBB)
"Man" A Monthly Record of Anthropological
Science
nOHAOH 1952
992
T. flpT. 1-20
(EJIeHa IIp>KeCJIaBcKa)
.
.
.
.
.
•
"Handbook
of South American
Indians"
Smithsoniam
Institution.
1004
Washington
1946-1950 (AHHa KOBaJlhCKa-JIeBVll..\Ka)
Harry T s C h o P i kIr. "The Aymara of Chucito". Peru.
Antl'opological Papers
of the American
Museum
of Natural
History.
HhIO1008
MOpK T. 44 'l. II (AHHa KOBaJlhCKa-JIeBI1l..\Ka) .
','
"Przegląd
Antropologiczny"
T. I-XX
(<ppaHL\Y!weK BOKpoM) .
.
. 1009
J03ecP M a T y III e B C K 11: CJIaBHHCKVleC'I'aThl1 «3Bepl..\H,I\J1a CaCKero».
II03HaHh 1948 (BJla,l\hICJTaB C060l..\J1HhCKI1).
.
.
.
.
. 1014
<ppaHl..\J1IlleK C JI a B C K 11: «3TI1MOJlOrll'leCKI1J1 CJlOBap'b nOJIhCKOrO
H3bIKa». BhlIT. I (A - czar) KpaKoB 1952 (Ta.!\eylll MHJleBcKIl) .
. 1019
nepBblM BblITyCK «3'I'J1MOJlOrll'-IeCKOrO CJlOBapH nOJlbCKOrO H3hIKa»
<Pp. CJIaBCKOro B oTHOWeHI1UK «3TIlMoJlorl1'QeCKoMy CJlOBapIO nO.1hCKoro H3h1Ka» A. BpIOKHepa. (Ka3V1Ml1pMOWJ1HhCKJ1).
.
1020
feHpMK Y JI a III VI H: 3THVI'leCKOe rrpOI1CXO)j{!leHHeHa3BaHIlH «yKpallHel..\» JI. T. H. JIO,D;3h-947 (3eHoH Coóepai1'cKI1) .
1023
Ce6acTHHH <paSI1HH K J1e H o B VI 'l:
«<PJIUC». BllóJ1. Hap. BpOl..\JIaB
1951 (J03ecP MVlTKOBCKI1) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1024
AH3eJlhM r o C T OM C KM: «X03HJ1CTBO». BI16JI. HapO,l\OBa. BpOl..\J1aB
1951 (J03ecP MI1TKOBCKI1)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 1026
CTaHHCJlaB A p H o JI h ,!\: «MCTOpll'leCKaH reorpacPl1lI IIOJlbWI1». BaplIIaBa 1951 (C0cPI1H CeMpay).
.
.
.
.
.
1029
BOr,!laH B a p a H o B C K 11: «3HaHlle BOCTOKa B rrpe)j{Heti: IIOJlbllle lIO
XVIII B.». JI. T. H. JIO.!\3b 1950 (HH PeMxMaH)
.
.
1031
1357
1356
CTp.
HH
¢> YIH a JI e K:
"IIa6Y1HHYI~e YI IIa6Y1HHI1~KOe Y1MeHYleBO BTOpOM
nOJIOBI1He XVII 11 XVIII B.». J1cTOpI1'IeCKI1M J1HCTYlTYTY . .lI. .lIO,n;3h
1035
1952 (Coqnm .lI116I1UlOBcKa)
A. II P )K YI6 o C h :
"BoccTaHl1e
KOCTKI1 HanepCKoro
B 1651 r.» HH
P e MX M a H:
"K Bonpocy
no HOBbnl Y1CCJIe,n;OBaHI1HM
npe)KHYlX
CO~l1aJIhHbIX ,n;BH:'KeHI1i1:Ha ITo,n;raJIlo>., "BepXbl»
T. 20 1950/51
1038
(HHI1Ha BeHHp)l{)
CTaHVlCJIaB lU o T K a:
"BOCCTaHVle KpeCTbHH no,n; KOMaH,n;OMKOCTKH
1041
HanepCKoro».
BapwaBa
1951 (HHl1Ha BeHHp)K) .
1044
I03e¢
B Y P Ul T a: «)J;epeBHH 11 Ka6aK». BapUlaBa 1950 (I03e¢
raMeK)
ArHeUlKa
)J;O 6 P O B O Jl b C K a:
«J1KoHorpa¢I1'IeCKl1e
,n;aHHhle no 3ana,n;HOCJIOBCKot'lo,n;e)l{,n;e».
«ITaMeHTHVlKCJlOBHHbCKI1» II KpaKoB 1951
1046
(I03e¢
raMeK)
KphlCThlHa
II e p a ,n;3 K a:
«3aMe'laHHH no 60pTeBoMy n'leJIOBo,n;CTBy
Ha .lIY)KYI~ax». "IIaMeHTHI1K CJIOBHHhCKI1» I KpaKoB 1949 (Ałma
1049
KyTp)Ke6a)
BJIa,'jbICJIaB P Y C l1 H b C K l1: «.lIhHHHoe TKa'leCTBO B CI1JIe3l1l1 ,n;o
1850 r.». «ITpR,erJleH,n; 3axo,n;Hl1» NQ 11/12 II03HaHb 1949 (I03e¢
1049
BYPUlTa)
HH )K o Jl H U - lVI a H y I' e B 11'l:
«ITOJIbCKI1M Hapo,n;HblM KOC.TłOM».
1053
«BeA3a l1 )Kbl~e» NQ 11, BapUluBa 1951 (¢>paH~l1UleK KOTYJliI) .
"ATJliIC IIOJlbCKI1X CTpOłOB .lIIO,n;OBbIX».«CTpyt'l UlaMoTYJTbCKI1'>,AAaM
1056
r JlHl1a. (.lIłO,n;Bl1KrO!\loJle~)
1060
OTBeT Ha pe~eH3l1l0 (A,n;aM rJliIna)
BJla,n;VlMl1p r O .rr Y 6 O B 11'l:
«,[(epeBeHCKoe rOH'lapHoe
npOl!l3BOACTBO
B 3ana,n;HhlX Teppl1TOpl1HX BeJIOpYCCI1Vl».ITpa~e rI1CTOpb!'lHe T. 3/4
1068
TOpyHh 1950. (10. raeK)
.
KcaBepbl
II 11B O li K 11: J1cTOpl1'IeCKI111reHe311C nOJlhCKOrO HapOAHoro
I1CKyccTBa. BpOllJIaB 1953. HaY'leHhle
pa60Thl no I1CTOpl111nOJIh1070
Koro I1CKyccTBa T. L (E.TIeHa ITp)l{eCJIaBcKa)
.IIO.JfhCIW IIITyKa .lIłO,n;OBa» I-V.
J13A. rocYA. J1HCTI1TYTa J1cKyccTBa.
1079
BapUlaBa-KpaKoB
1947/51 (reHpHx 3BOJliIJ,eBI1'l)
.
PaXMeJTb B p a H A B a 11H :
La langue
et l'esthetique
de Proudon
1094
'N. T. N. BpO~JTaB 1952 (CTam1CJTaB rWIAeK)
«IIpalIe l1 MaTepl1aJTbl 3Tl-IOrpa¢l1'lHe»
T. VIII-IX
. .lIoA3b-.lIł05JTl1H
1096
1950/51 (flH lUenaHbCKI1) .
.
.
AAOJTb¢ H a Ul: PaHHeI1CTOpI1'leCKl1e lKepHoBa. IIOJlhCKOe ApxeOJIor.
1104
05U1ecTBo BapUlaBu-BpoąTI<lB
1950 (IOpI1M IToroHoBcK~l) .
III.
M y 3 e l1.
Mapl1a ¢> p a H K O B C K a: )J;OCTH)I{eHl1HCOBeI.(KOrO3THOrpa¢11'leCKOrO
MY3eeBe,'jeHHiI
AJIbq)peA
3 a p e M 5 a:
3aMe'laHl1H K CK<lHAI1HaBCKHMMY3eHM .
HH )I(o~'H1a M a H y r e B H LI: MY3eM HRpO,'jHblX Ky,1bTyp
flHlIHa K p a e B c' K a:
OT'leT no pa60TaM 3THOrpa¢l1'leCKOrO
MY3eiI
fi JIoA3M.
.
lViaplIfl
3 H a M e p O B C K a - 11 P łO ¢ ¢e p O B a:
3THOrpaq)I'l'leCKOe
OT,!\eJTeHlIe IIm.tOpCKoI'o MY3efl B TOPYHe.
.
.
.
.
.
Pblwapi:\ K y K e p : BblcTaBKa Hapo,n;HblX KOCTłOMOBceBepHOM ITOJlhUlH
B ITO~lOpCKOMMY3ee B TopyHe
1106
1134
1164
1166
1171
1176
CTp.
CTaHHCJIaB B JTa U111K: OT'leT no pa50Tau Hapo,n;HoI'o MY3eH B IT03HaHI1 (OTAeJI Hapo,n;HoM KYJlhTYPhl li Hapo,n;Horo J1CKyccTBa) .
.
AJIh¢OHC
K O B a JI b C K l1:
OT'leT no pa60TaM MY3eH B MeH,n;3blp)l{e'ly
¢>paHI.(I1UleK K O T Y JI H: OT'leT no pa50TaM MY3e~ B P~e~OBe
:
HHyUl O n T O JI O B l1 q:
OT'leT no pa50TaM 3THOrpa¢l1'leCKOrO
OT,n;eJIeHl1iI .lIł06JIl1HCKOrO MY3eH.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ka3l1Me)l{ r O T T ¢ P 11,n;: HpocJIaBcKYlM MY3eM
Kp)l{Y1UlTO¢ B o JI b C K 11: MY3eM B ITp)KeMbICJIłO
.
C. C T e ¢ u H h C K Y1: MY3eM B CaHOKe. 3KCn0311I.(Y1H: «HapO;J;Hoe
I1CKyCCTBOCaHOI.{KOI106JlaCTYI B MY3ee B CaHOKe».
.
HH ITeTp )J;e K O B C K 11: MY3el1 B TOMaUlOBe Ma30BeI.{KYlM .
IV.
1178
1183
1184
1188
1189
1190
1192
1195
X P O H VIK a.
Ka3Y1Me2K IT e T K e B VIq:
BblCTaBKVI VI KOHKypCbl HapOAHoro Y1CKyCCTBa MI1HI1CTepCTBa KyJlbTypbl
YI J1CKYCCTBa B 1950, 1951 1'1'. .
.
Ka3Y1Me)l{ II e T K e B YILI: BhlCTaBKYI 11 KOHKypCbl HapOi'l,HOrO I1CKYCCTBa B 1952 r..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
KOHcneKT no npOTOKOJIy XXV 061.l.\ero C06paHl1H IIOJIhCKOrO 3THO.
rpa¢l1'leCKOrO
06UleCTBa (O. r.).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IIpoTOKOJI XXVI 06U1ero C06paHYlR ITOJlhCKOro 3THorp. 06. B-a (O. r.)
ITpOTOKOJIXXVII 061.l.\ero C06paHVlR IIOJIhCKOrO 3THorp.06.
B-a (O. r.)
KOHcneKT no npOTOKOJIy XXVIII
06u-lero C06paHl1lł ITOJlhCKOro 3THOrpa¢Y1'leCKOrO 061.l.\eCTBa (O. r.).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
OT'leT 110 pa60TaM KpaKoBcKoro
OT,n;eJIeHI1H IIOJIbCKOrO 3THorpa¢nqeCKOrO 061.l.\eCTBa (1948-1952 r.). (AHHa KOBaJIbCKa-.lIeBHI.(Ka)
.
OT'leT no pa60T<1;\1 KpaKoBcKoro
OT,n;eJJeHv!H IIo.TIbeKOrO 3THorpa::pl1'leCKOrO 06U1eCTBa I. VI. 1953 - I. VI. 1953 lA. K. .lI.)
.
.
.
OT'leT no pa50TaM OTi'l,eJIel-Um IIO.TTbCKoro 3TI-lOrpa¢VI'leCKOrO 06U1eCTBa B MUlaHe )J;OJJbHOi1:(Ce5aCTYlHH ¢>JII13aK) .
.
.
.
.
OT'leT no pa60Tai\1 Cy.v;eIJ;KOrOOT,n;eJIeHYlHITOJIbCKOrO 3THorpa¢l1'lecKoro 061.l.\eCTBa B EJIeHeM ryp)l{e 1953 (CeBepl1H repcTeH) .
.
.
OT'leT no pa60TaM OTAeJTeHYlR ITOJIbCKOrO 3THOrpa¢l1'leCKOrO
05U1eCTBa B CI1JIe311Y1C 1953 r. (MapYlfI Cy50'lOBa)
OT'leT no pa6oTa:"1 BpOl.lJIaBCKOro OT,n;e.1leHYlH IIOJIbCKOrO 3THorpa¢Y1'leCKOrO 05U1ecTBa 1953 (raJlYlHa BWl'THep).
.
.
.
.
OT'leT no pa60TaM ITo3HaHbGKOrO OT,n;eJIeHYliIITOJIbCKOr03THOrpa¢Y1'lecKoro 061.l.\eCTBa B 1949-1952 1'1'.(EJIeHa Tal1re) .
OT'leT ITO pa50TaM II031-IaHbCKOro OT,n;eJIeHI1R ITOJIhCKOrO 3THorpaepH'l. O-Ba 1953 (C. BJIal.l.\Y1K)..
.
OT'leT no pa50TaM OTAeJIeHl1H IIOJIhCKOrO 3THOrpa¢l1'leCKOrO
06U1eCTEa B ,10i'l,3H B 1953 1'. (Ka3Y1MYlpa 3aBI1cToBv,'l-Ai'l,aMc,Ka)
.
.
OT'leT ITO pa60Ta:Vl .lIł06.1HHCKoro OT,n;eJJeHHH IIOJlbCKOro 3TllOrpa::pYI'leCKoro 06UleCTBa 1953 r. (HHyUl CBe)l{J1).
.
.
.
.
.
OT'leT 110 pa60TaM OTi'l,eJleHJ1H IIOJIhCKOrO 3THorpa¢HLleclwro
061.l.\eCTEa B TopYHe 1953 r. (ra.1lY1na AHTOHOBVl'l) .
.
.
.
.
.
OT'leT no pa60Ta:l'I ApxHBa IIOJIbCKOrO 3TłlOrpaq)Y1'leCKOrO OÓU1ecTBa
(KrreHa ITp)l{ec.:IaECKa)
OTLieT [JO nO"eBbI:ll I\CC.ne2l;OBaH!HE" ITO.'1bCIWrO 3TI-IOrpaCfHl'leCKOrO
06li(eCl'Ba B 19~2 r. (O. r.)
1198
1209
1216
1219
1225
1229
1236
1242
1245
1246
1248
1250
1251
1253
1254
1255
1256
1259
1259
1358
CTp.
OT'IeT
no
KOHcPepeHI..\MH !lO )l;eJIy VlCCJIe)l;OBaHHH3eM,1e)l;emrH
VI CKOTO-
BO)l;CTBa. (O. r.) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
OT'łeT no pa60TaM
ITOJIbCKOrO 3THorpacPH'IeCKOrO
ATJIaCa
1947-1953
1'1'. (30cPHH CTalI..\aK)
•
.
•
.
.
.
.
OTLleT !lO pa60TaM
M )l;eHTeJIbHOCTM ITOJIbCKOi:1 ArW)l;eMMM HaYK r. l,
1\,J'Q
l, 1. BapwaBa
1953 (O. r.) .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.KBapT<!J1bI-lHK MCTOPM~I MaTepMUJIbHOiiI KYJIbTypbl}) r. l, NQ 1, 2. BapwaBa
:953 (O. r.)
ITo )l;eJIy ł06MJIei1Hoi1
1268
1280
1284
ENGLISH
1294
KHMrM K
B03)l;aHl1łO
!lO'IeCTVI naMHTI1
SUMMARIES
OCKapa
1285
łCOJIb6epra)
I. ARTICLES
v.
Resume
"
Ha pyCCKOM H3blKe
Hay'łHbIX
«JIłOIV
\
\.
l
"
1359
Ha aHrJIM(ICKOM H3bIKe
'YKa3C1TeJlh BelI..\eCTBeHHh!j;i, :)THoreorpacPWleCKI1I1,
l
1287
.
y'łpe)K,a;eHI1iir,
(O. r.)
aSTopOB.
SOVIET ETHNOGRAPHY AND THE PROBLEM OF ETHNOGENY
IN THE LIGHT OF STALIN'S WORK ON LINGUISTICS
'YKa3aTeJlb
by Tadeusz W I' Ó b l e w s k i
:>KypHaJIOB I1 I13N1HI111, HJIJlłOCTpaLl!li1 41 'T.
1423
The teaching of J. W. Stalin on historical development and the
mixed origin of modern nations has provided Soviet ethnography with
a basis for the study of the problems of ethnogeny. Stalin's pronouncements, first printed in "Pravda" in 1950 and denouncing Marr's
preposterous "new science of language" has become a turning point
not only for Soviet linguistics but also for various historical sciences.
But doing away with "marrism" in linguistic and related sciences has
called forth the new need of redefining a correct scientific method
in that field. In fact, this task, as far as the problems of ethnogeny
are concerned, was undertaken at the conference of the Soviet S'2holars interested in the above problems. Among several papers read,
the programme papers by S. A. Tokarev and N. N. Czeboksarova
on the ethnographical method of the study of the problems of ethnogeny should receive the greatest attention.
Stalin's statement in the above mentioned work that linguistic
development proceeds by stages: from a clan to a tribal language,
from a tribal language to a popular language, and from a popular to
a national language, is interpreted in the following way by the said
scholars. The language originates and develops simultaneously
with
the society, and consequently the above mentioned stages in the linguistic development
correspond to relevant ethnic groups, such as
clans, tribes, peoples, and nations.
The development
and the
transformations
of these ethnic groups is achieved within the framework of given historical stages, known as social and economic formations (that of the primitive community, serfdom, feudalism, capitalism,
and socialism).
86
1361
1360
Each group is also regarded as an ethnos which has a corresponding culture, created and handed down by it. At the present juncture
the historical comparative method is the most suitable approach for
the ethnographic and linguistic studies of culture. Looking at cultures
spatially, the Soviet ethnographers distinguish economic and cultural
areas, such as arctic, tropical, and so on. In addition to this, historical
and cultural areas are specified, that is those areas which have
a number of common cultural traits. Similarities of cultures of the
peoples inhabiting such areas, as well as the differences with regard
to outside peoples living in the neighbouring areas are conditioned by
historical processes. It should be however stressed that the above
defined concepts of "historical and culturalareas"
are quite different
and bear no resemblance to the so-called Kulturkreise
or cultural
cycles and so on, evolved by Western ethnographers.
It is implied in the ethnogenic method that ethnography should
include in a comparative manner also the archeological material as
well as the cultures defined by the archeologists. Closer attention
should also be paid to material contained in folk legends, myths, and
stories, especially to those which refer to the origin of a given people.
Also medieaval chronicles and histories should be taken into account,
as well as the works of classical and medieaval literature, as all these
,may contain data which might be of value for ethnogenic studies.
It is stressed that ethnogenic studies cannot satisfactorily develop
without a substantial share of ethnography. Also language and its relation to culture may contain some valuable data which should be
creatively developed in any work on ethnogeny. Since popular cultures are the subject matter of ethnographic studies, ethnography
should therefore occupy an important place in the study of ethnogeny.
THE THEORY OF MATRIARCHY IN THE WORK OF SOVIET
ETHNOGRAPHERS AND ARCHEOLOGISTS
by
Jerzy
K u l c zY ck i
Chapters I and II.
The first two chapters contain a discussion of serveral monographic
papers by M. O. Koswen in which the eminent Soviet ethnographe:'
deals with the problem of matriarchal order, and also a more systematic summary of his larger encyclopedic work: Matriarchy - The
History oj the Problem {Moscow-Leningrad,
1948l.
o
Chapter III.
In this chapter the writer undertakes his own interpretation
of
Koswen's views on the role of matriarchy, stressing from the outset
that the problem itself still contains many controversial points and
unsolved questions. First of all, there is no full evidence of the existence of such an institution among 'certa'in modern primitivepeoples,
however low the level of their culture may be. And this somewhat
undermines cur belief in its universality as a stage in the history of
evolution of human society. But even if on the strengh of the above argument and the absence of factual evidence we would hesitate to accept the theory of the universaloccurrence
of the matriarchal stage in
the development of social institutions, even then we would arrive at
conclusions which would be contrary to the position which certain
Western schools of ethnology have reached, namely that the passing
through the stageof clearly marked periods of the matripotestal order
is a peculiarity and privilege of the so-called "lower races". To such
a statement we would retort that matriarchal relics and survivals have
been confirmed with the least doubt and uncertainty also among the
highlycivilized races of the oldcontinent.
It should be stressed that the theory of matriarchy, even if posed
with certain reservatiions as to the absolute the universality of the
matripotestal system of social organisation and its specific forms in
concrete historicalcommunities,
at the level of primitive ,communism,
yet does not lose its fundamental epistemological and methodological
validity nor its deep ideiclo~ical meaning.
In the next section the writer argues that the analysis ofthe
.matriarchal relicsand
survivals, historical legendsand literary tales,
folklore, irrefuted ethnographic fads -andarcheological evidence force
the conclusion which can be formulated in the following way: at
a given stage of historical development of the social organisation of
almost all human societies there existed a very important stage in
which the importance of women - granted ,a great diversity of kinship
forms and their socialand economic settings - was infinitely greater
than throughout the ltmg period of the subsequent depreciation and
degradation of woman's status during the social order based on a patriarchal system, lasting in fact throughout the period of class systems.
Thus the theory of matriarchy, if put, in accordance with our
present limited knowledge of the subject, in a fashion which is only
tentative, and relativistic, yet can become of .great value for the elucidation of the processes of social evolution.
The kinship factor, whether based on primitive horde, on extended
family, clan, sib, or any other structure, plays in these early stages
86"
o
1363
1362
of development of primitive communities a much greater role than it
does at later stages with more developed societies. Thus the kinship
structure is closely connected here with the productive process, with
relations in production, and its organisational superstructures.
This
has been recently aptly put by the Soviet ethnographer L I. Potiechin
in these words: "The entire history of the collective system of primitive society is the history of the separation of productive relations from
kinship rel,ations" 1. Hence the prablem: matriarchal
organisation
at certain stages of human evolution "patriarchy from the earliest
beginnings" is the crucial questii:::nof the history of the early development of man.
That these two antagonistic social theories have grown out of two
different backgroundsand
have different social motivation is obvious
for a student of society.
The theory of "patriarchy from the beginning of t,ime" tends to become a complete justification and tacit approval of the state of male
dominance in social life, existing in fact in most class societies, 'as well
as its moral sanction. At the same time the doctrine of patriarchy professes the acceptance and moral approval of the existing social and
economic order; based on an "age-old" system 'of private ownership
of the means of production, and the resulting privileged position of
certain groups.
Hence ihis doctrine has been professed throughout the great era of
class ,system, beginning with Plato and Aristotle and ending with
several modern systems of philosophy, subservient to those classes
which are interested in the maintenance of the existing social order.
The theory of primeval patriarchy is at the same timean expression of faith in absolute transcendental ,superiority of man over woman.
This is its theoretical and ideological essence and that is why it is in
its fundamental tenets unscientific, baffling the dialectic, evolutionary
and historical problem contained here.
On the other hand, the theory of the matriarchy "has been accepted
by the revolutionary science of the proletariat"
(Koswen), because
it represents a theory which is based on an evolutionary and dialectical 'conception of the world. It brings forward the objective fact that
a woman represents a fuU soci.al potential which can be realised according to a given social and economicsetting of human society. Such conditions in which femalepotential
CJuld find its fuH social realisation
have, in fact, already existed in the history of the human race, namely
at a state of pre-class communistic society. At the present time such
l
Savietskaya
Etnografia.
2. 1952. p. 11.
full condition of the development of women and the social potential
they represent are being created by modern 'Classless society under
scientific socialism and communism.
Chapter IV.
In Chapter IV the writer discusses theproblem
of origin of the
matriarchy, taking, as a basis the work d the well - known Soviet
archeologist, lP. P. Efimenko's Pervobytnoe
Obschestvo (3rd Edition,
1953) and devotes his analysis to the fundamental changes which have
taken place in the position of women ,in the course of history.
In the first place the writerargues
that in the 'early st~ges of the
evoluti'ou of human society, when human 'beings relied for their wanciering existence on f o a d g a t h e r i n g a n d s i m p l e h u n t i n g
there was hardly an economic foundation for the clearcut division of taskes between the sexes. Thus there was .no reason w!ly
women should play a special or any more significant role in the social
iife of a community at such a very primitive stage of development.
On the contrary, it is most likely that men were the predominant
element, bein.g superior to women in similar economic tasks, this being
due to their greater physical strength and endurance.
Under these very primitive 'conditions there was nothing that would
make women stand out from the rest of the community. Such facts
a,; childbirth and maternity mU'it have been accepted as a matter of course by these primitive endogamie human groups. Furthermore, such facts could not at these very early stages of human
evolution give rise to any ideologicalor organisational superstructure
which allots 1'0 womenfolk any special position, on account of their
vital functions in society; after all, pr:::geny must havebeen often regarded as more of a liability than an asset at these very early stages
of seminomadic existence.
Moreover, the writer observes, within the then obtaining strong
"animalistic individualism" the respective division of biological physical strength must have been a decisive factor determining the then
prevailing gregarious relation between the sexes. This relation3hip we
("an ,imagine as something resembling the relations we are apt to
observe tcday between male and female among the contemporary
hominids, among whom the supremacy C'f males is the rule.
It must be therefore assumed that it was at a somewhat later stage
of social evolution, within the framework and under the protection of
t h e d e v e lo p i n g f a o d g a t h e r i n g a n d h u n t i n g c o li e c t i vein
this early and primitive community, that the position of
w:·men underwent a fa-rreaching change.
1365
1364
Kaswen never formulated the problem of the a r i g i n of matriarchy. And there is nothing strange in this, since.he has seems to pr'Jfess
the theory of "matriarchy from the beginning of time". According to
Koswen it is very likely that already in the earliest human group
" ... a woman rather than a man was a leader. Contrary to the
prevailing view, it is the female and not the male that assumes
the role of leader in the animal world"~. Yet it would be difficult to
a'ccept that general statement without qualification. For the reconstruction of the respective position 'Of the sexes in most primitive
human groups it is important in the first place to form a picture,
however conjectural it may be of the actual conditions of existence of
these groups, and in the second place to make comparisons betwe, ..n
what must be regarded as the closest analogy of man, that is with the
life of animals which are nearest to homo sapiens, that is the anthropOlids, among whom, in fact, we observe a decided preponderance of
male specimens.
What strikes us in the manner in which Koswen depids the early
stage of mother-right 3 is the la'ck of sufficient emphasis on the epoch
making role which the advanced hunting must have played in the process of the differentiation of woman, This method of highly organised
hunting, associated with the seasonal migrations of the community
and the laying out of camps, so characteristic of the early paleolithic
pemod, must have been of vital importance in this respect. The important role of the economic factors, contained therein, has been duly
stressed by Efimenko.
In the Mousterian horde one can assume that woman at -least maintains a similar position to man. The growing needs, however, which
become more and more complicated with the beginning of settled life
must have worked towards the delimitation of men's and women's
sphere of interest and work. The new tasks 'of women must have been
manifested above all in the field connected with the collecting of food
and various domestic activities such as the care of the dwelling, preparing of feod, and making of clothes (Pervobytnoye
obschestvo, p. 247).
This differentiation of the tasks, chiefly in the economic sphere, which
obtained in the life of the early collective community was greatly increased in the Aurignacian-Solutrean
period. Whereas men are now
engaged in the task of obtaining food it is the woman that looks after
the collective domestic arrangements (o p. c it. p. 400). In thi' \va~' the
ć
.j
Otcherki istot'ii pervobytnoy kultury, MOS:OVi, 1953, p. 23.
O periodyzac,ii pervobytno.v istorii. Sovietskaya Etnografia
pp. 151-158.
'"
3.
1952
basic economic foundations were laid for the subsequent raising Ol
the female section of the primitive horde.
Another set of factors, which affected the new social status of
women - factors stressed equally by Efimenko and Koswen - were
new forms of social organisation, which began to grow out of the
changed economic position. The previous sub-division of the primitive
horde into small, endogamic wandering
groups did not provide
a favourable
condition in which thepositi':n
{lf women could
gain in importance. On the other hand, the new situation in which these
groups began to unite and merge into large exogamic communities
strengthened the social prestige of women. The conscious process of the
transformation of primiHve promiscuity 'JT group marriage:> into exogamic, biologically justified matrilineal clan, must have led to a high
,socialstatus of women, and in some cases even might have brought about
a cuU of "women clan leaders". (op. cit. p. 526). The fad of larger
groupings of women in homesteads, their filiation to another clan;
but, aboveall,
the princi,ple of the patrilccal marriage, must have
secured a higher positiron for a woman. The connection between "law"
and the growing social status, of a woman, whichcould have already
originated in an endogarnic family, could only have fully developed
in a larger exogamic family group - was, therefore, correctly stressed
by Bachofen.
Apart from the arguments based on hypothetical reconstructionĘ
of social relations further evidenc'e f.or the existence 'of matriarchal
forms in the hunting stage of the paleolithic period is affJrded, according to Efimenko, by little female statuettes, dating from the Aurigna-,cian-Solutrean epoch. They are faily commonly found over the large
area of the lold continent of Eurasia.
Whatever interpretation we offer of the primary function and direct
aim of these statuettes and similar symbolic female representation (for
example, for magical purposes), the fact that woman, and for that
matter most probably a woman-mother, becomes at a Icertain stage of
social evolution one of the most important subjects of the rising imaginaryart
points to the social interest taken in the question of maternity. Such an interest cou-ld have developed on-ly at a certain stage
of the development of the community and its social organisation, when
the human beings were able to gain some perspective towards their
social system and exogamic groups for which, however, a certain
increase of economic activity and equa-l spread of wellbeing among
the then leading larger human collectives must have been a preliminary condition of that development.
Thus, the conscious reaction of the primitive community towards
the elementary social fact of procreation, a manifestation of which
1366
was pl'eserved in a concrete object of art, ca.n. also be regarded
as an indication of the crystallization of a posItion ?~ the woman
within a group - that of woman-mot~er ..This new PO~ltH~nof woman
will in the course of time find its institutional expresslOn In the development of the principle of recJ.wning descent through mothers such as we have in matrilineal clans.
The picture of hunting matriarchal conditions loses its sharpness
in the Magdalenian period. The fact of the disappearance of the representations of woman Efimenko tries to explain by a number of caus~s,
and among othe,r things by the fact that in certain areas <)~ EurasH:1
the beg.inning 'Ofa process 'can be noticed of the transformatlO~ of. the
old settled clan communities of the Aurignacian-Solutrean
penod mto
more mobile hordes which are known from the Magdalenian epoch
(op. dt. p. 518). Under such circumstances acertain weakening of woman's position could have taken place. But the la.ck o~ such representation may, according to Efimenko, be of only lmagl~ary chCl:'r~c:ter,
and may be therefore,connected
with ,the bone-made obJects assocIated
w'Ttll certain regions. The representations of women mothers could,
after, all, have been made out of wood. Also a sui .generis style.
obtaining in the Eastern Magda:lenianart,could
have Imposed symbolic meaning on ,the abstraot forms (op. cit. p. 527). Inany case the
fact that female statuettes still occurred and were found, though sporadically, prove ·that the type of such representations has not altogether disappeared.
'.
. .
In fact the totemic system and the matnarchal
representatlOns
are for Efimenko parallel and interlinking phenomena (op. cit. p. 526).
When discussing the Aurignacian-Solutrean
and Madgalenia~ p~nods Efimenko raises the problem why among certain m a s t p l' l m 1t i ve m a d e r n 'e a m m'U n i t i e s, like the Australian Aborigines,
Bushmen, Veddas, and some others, we find a patr.ilocal, individual
fa.mily.
As he puts it: "it would be difficult to prove that they ever passed
through the matria.rchal stage or are now on the way to it". (op.
cit. p. 517). In their simple economy, based on food collecting and
hunting, woman plays but a modest .role, while in the wandering
existence she has often to turn herself into a transport force acting
on behalf of man hunters (op. cit. p. 517). Efimenko once again confirms the general regulari.ty or historical development when he says
that: "under the conditions of the wandering existence of hunters
and food ga'theres ... the c h i e f m a t i vat i n g f a c t a l' which could
work towards the alteration of the position of 'women was absent,
1367
namely the gradual adoption of the s e d e n t a r y m o d e a f l i v i n g
by primitive horde". (op. cit. p. 392, 393, emph. by the present writer J. K.).
In this problem, however, Koswen admits another possible explanation: (Otcherki, p. 117); to the present writer, however, it would seem
that his thesis that the patriarchal system in Australia could have,
originated under the influence of the colonising power is little convincing and cannot be maintained against the Australian position
\vhere the matriarchy seemed never to have reached a state of full
development.
In conclusion, the factors can be briefly stated which affected
adversely the march of women toward greater social prominence
among the above-mentioned peoples.
1. The geophys,k"al substratum with a' warm or temperate climate,
\vhich does not force people to adopt a sedentary made of life. 2. Absence
of big game, and thus the lack of incentive to organise concerted hunting parties and to layout big camping-settlements managed by women,
3. In effect, we get small nomadic groups with a corresponding economic organisation, where Women are small scale food gatherers and
transport agencies.
What according to the writer is particularly striking in the case
of the Australian aborigines is an excessively grown superstructure
of various customary forms and practices as well a'S mental and emotional representations, aG contrasted Ito the completely primitive character of their economi'2 institutions. This would point to a rather long
period and gradual process of stratification 'of this superstructure. It
may aIs;) bean indication to their arrested development and omitting
ofcertain stages of development.
The centres of leading Aurignacian and Solutrean cultures must
have developed under the influence of powerful externalstimuli.
Favourable natural conditions must have been present for the development of large scale hunting, for the merging into larger hordes, as well
as the establishment of permanent or temporary large settlements:
therefore social conditions existed enhancing the social importance of
women. In the Magdalenian culture the highly advanced hunting pursuits and the necessity of using winter shelters point also to a higher
stage of social and economic system than we find among modern primitive peoples. And this leads us to a conclusion that women must
have reached a fairly advanced stage, though perhaps not so high as
the peoples associated with Aurignacian and Solutrean 'Civilisations.
Hence the writer concludes not the factof matriarchy - as most
bourgeois anthropologists hold - but, on the contrary, the supposed
omission in the course of s:cial evolution of developed matrilineal and
1369
1368
matriarchal kinship can be regarded as that S? e c i f i.c f e a t u l' e of
the people who have become arrested i n t h el r s a c 1 a l d e vel a pn the other hand the fact of going through under proper
m e n t. O
,
.f
.
f th
't'
e
can d l lOns the .stage of matriarchv seems to be a mam estahon a
r e g u l a l' i t Y a f d e vel J P m e n t. a f a 11 l e a d l n g p; 1 m 1=
t i ve c u l t u l' e s. This last observatIOn agrees wIth Bachofen s can
vi'ction that matriarchy was an essentially progessIve development at
the time of its origin.
L
•
.'
•
The early stage of s a i l c u l t i vat i a n based on the hoe \vhi.ch
favored the process of permanent settlement of larger hu.man groups
must have made women a very important factor of productl~n, and al~o
must have at first greatly strengthened their soc.ial posItIon, that ]S
as long as hunting remained the main preoccupatIon of men. But the
socialconsequences of hoe cultivati.::m would undoubtedly work towar~
a further strengthening of the matriarchal system, towards c~sta~lisation of its more advanced forms, by connecting it inter ah~ ~th
vegetation cults. But it woulą be incorrect to regard ~oe cultlvatlO.n
(cf. Koswen, Otcherki, p. 117) as the. ~ecisive factor m. t~e genE:tic
differentiation and shaping of the posItIOn of women. ThIS m ll~ading
cultures must have t'aken rplace much earlier, probably already m the
stage of large scale. organised hunting.
Such is the writer's i.nterpretation of the present day. views .of the
Soviet science as to the origin and meaning of matnarchy
m the
history of human evolution.
.
The actual stage of passing from the matrIarchal forms to the new
system of p a t l' i a l' c h y has been extensively dealt wIth by Kosw.en.
In this, Koswen relied on Engels. Thus, as a result of ~ar-re.ac~l.n.g
economic and social changes which have taken place m prI~mtivl:'
communities, a "histori'cal defeatof
women took place on a 'World
scale".
.
At this place the writer makes a digression touchmg a problem
whi'ch, although to some extent a side issue, is nevertheless connected
with the matriarchal question, that is the so-called pnblem of "A ~ az o n i s m". In this -respect, although for Koswen . th~ Bachofeman
approach to this question is quite fantastic, yet in hIS Vle\\Twe do ot
possess so far any more satisfactory and fully a:ceptable explanatIOn
of this intricate problem (Matriarchy, p. 140~.
.
The various versions of the legend, tellmg about female .r~le ovel
.
Ie might be simply regarded as direct remlmscenses
a eel't aln peop ,
. l
."
of the matriarchal system. On the other hand, "the essentta verSIOn
of this, legend which refers to a community composed exclu-
r:
sively of women - if we are to regard it as a reflection of social and
political reality, though occurring only sporadically - suggests the
conclusion that such female organisations could have come into being
only during the periodof
the formation of patriarchate. In support
of this content~on it will be recolle:ted that in mythology such devebpments are depicted as coexistant with father-right; the "patriarchal" heroes fight the Amazons.
Women's·response towards their starting exploitation by men, having
an ideological backing in the still living matriarchal tradiHons, could
have taken the shape of certain sporadically organised armed secessions, which could be regarded as the first manifestations of social
movements parallel to the early revolts of patriarchal slaves. But it
is also highly probable that in mythology such historical occurrences
became greatly exaggerated, and that subsequently, when the patriarchal ide'ology became already a fully established social doctrine, they
appeared to many as social curiosities.
Hence the connecti:m between "the classical Amazonism" and the
theory of matriarchy should, in the writer's opinion, be reduced to
a mere manifestatioOn ofprevious traditionof the state of full feminine
equality in public and domestic affairs. But even here the legends
provide some argument for matriarchy.
Then the writer discusses how with the establishment of the patriarchal system of kinship and social organisation a new era began in social
relations of the sexes - an era of decisive supremacy of men establishing themselves at the expense of women's position.
Beginning with that period and subsequently in the course of all
later stages characterised by the system of private ownership and
the class divisions, almost up to the present time, the isolated, individual household was the chief "sovereign" domain of woman's work.
Female, social authority in all class system was limited for the most
part to thatof mother of the individual family. On the other hand,
throughout that era the exploitation of women, because of a decided
supremacy of men, adopted different forms in different histori':ał societies, among other forms in treating women as saleable labour, and
in organised prostitutiJn which met with the social approval of all
class systems.
Throughout the era when the productive forces '\\Tere based on p l' im i t i v e a g l' i c u l t u l' e, s t a c k b l' e e d i n g, a n d h a n d i c l' a f t s
as well as in the then obtainig individualistic and c l a s s d e t e l' m in e d l' e l a t i a n s in production, despite all the local differences ann
individual cases, the cooperation between men and women in the eco-
1370
1371
nomic, prdessional, and organisational sphere meant for women the
ac:eptance of a secondary position.
The next important change, on the largest historical scale, which
affected the social position of women took place within the modern
era of lage scale m e c h a n i s a t i a n a n d m a t a l' i s a t i a n of the
productive forces.
An entirely novel setting of productive forces caused a fundamental
change in the mutual arrangement of the sexes. It is, therefore, really
the same factor which both Koswen and Efimenko have already accepted as underlying the process of rise in importance of women and
subsequently of matriarchal order in the Aurignacian-Solutrean
period; and also the same which, as Engels has shown, was responsible
fOl the decline of female imp:rtance
with the ri.sing of the patriarchal system.
As we know from the mutual correlative !00nnections between the
productive forces 'and the relations in production we deduce certain
"historical laws and regularities". But if we adopt larger historical
perspectives the dialectical ,relativity of the above connection ba-eomes
apparent. This :relativity is alsoshown in its essential manifestation,
that is the dependence ,of the ,relations in production on the newly
arising produdive forces in the case in question, the relations in production between the male and female sections.
Engels already stressed the relative character of the chain of
cause and effect, when he discussed the passage from the hunting to
pasturing economy: "the same cause", he wrote, "which formerly
secured to the woman influence at home, that is her limitation to the
domestic affairs, has now secured male influence at home" 4.
Similar causal relativity can be observed in further stages of development. The modern mechanisation and motorisation of the producHve forces expresses the advances ·in production, advances on the
scale similar to that whi'ch hasalready
taken place in the neolithic
period with the passing from collecting and huntingeconomy
to that
h"sed en agriculture and stockbreeding. But whereas the former progE:ssive change ,in ,product-ion caused, amongother things, the downfall
of the social position of women, modern progress in production has
st:ł'rted a sharp rise in the social importance of women, "has brought
about female victoryon a world scale".
A similar position as far as social effects are concerned caused
changes in the division of work. Sometime ago in the early hunting
stage the progressing division of work between the sexes expressed
itself in the strengthening of the position of women. On the other
·1
Origin of the Family, Polish Edition, Warsaw, 1948, p. 186.
~and under conditions of modern economic system the growth of the
Importa~':e of women goes hand in hand with the rapid disappearance
of t.he dIfferences of the. ,old division of work among the sexes, resultmg .from the mechamsed and the motorised character of modern
produchon.
It w~ll thus be seen that the basically different character of the
productIve forces may impose directly adverse laws and re<1ularities
of the concrete sh~ping of thecorresponding
relations in pr~duction.
In accordance :v:th the gene~al law of historical development stating
t~at t.he newly nS1ng productIve forces are utilised by the old relations m product.ion, it followed that in c a p i t a l i s m, the new mechar.~se~ tools. and Implements should have at first resulted (as they in fact
dId) l~ a~ mcreased exploitation of women already in the early phases
of capItahsm. :Also the weaker physical constitution of women rendered
them very sUl~able for wo:~ with machines and power engines in
most technologl'cal and admmIstrative jobs. Incapitalism, however, on
the whole,. pa,~allelly to the development ,of m:Jdern productive forces
t?-e emancipation of women advanced. This was connected with the
hbera~ ou~look of the rising bourgeoisie which at that time strove to
€stabhsh I~self .as a new ruling class. This progressive tendency however wa.s mevltably hampered by various unprogressive tendencies
and ~abIts of a class society. In thisconnection
it must be mentioned
that It :vas very significant of fascism ,to deny equal rights for women
as fasCism means reaction not only as far as the cap-italist doctrine i~
{:oncerned, but also it tend.s to revivecertain
aspects of older class
structur.es, in this ~~se that of feudalism and its outlook and practice
concernmg the pOSItion of women in society.
It ~s. ~nly with modern revolutionary changes in social system,
that dIvlslOn 'Jf work between men and women has disappeared and is
now reduced to these l'imitations which are dictated by biology. Wom~n are takmg part, on a large scale, in social production. As a result of
t?-lSthey have gained de jure and de facto a full social status. In .socialist countries, where the first stages towards a newer a a f m a d e r n
c o 1.1 e c t i v i s m, based upon mo'torised production brces are bein<1
r:ah~ed - the theory and practi'c'eof equal rights and complete eman~
ClpatlOn for women has attained a full and consistent social state.
We observe a distinct dependence of the social position of w::men
on the type of the basic production forces.
On the other hand the connection between the ,position of women
and .t~'e basic type of the relatkms in production can be shown after
a cntical analysis of the evolutionary interdependence of the productlV~ forces and the relations
in production the disposal of a given
SOCIety.
1373
1372
,
osition which women had had in the early type
ment
The prom
P',
,
used b the devdopment of the new
of society dedined, thlS bemg ca d
,y l husbandry This had taken
,
f gricul ture an amma
'
productlve forces, a a,
't
that is in the period of the
place in the early col~ect~vet c~;~~::thNe
we.re already noticeable
patriarchal system, th~ug a
ad integration of the primitive collecthe first germs of th~ subsequ~nt es
. hl'p and class relations foun'th
rms of pnvate owners
tivism, that lS e ge
'.
of the developed class society the
ded ther~on, Durmg the entIre ebra
. enond-rate one, Subsequently,
'l
't'
f women has een a s ~
,
the SOCla pOSllOn o
,
It of the me:hamsa'f
took place as a resu
the emancipatton a women
.
,
f
,This was the pJsition
'f
f the productlve
orces,
.
tion and motonsa lon a
l t'
,thouah
at its lateststage,
con,
'th'
the era of class Te a tons,
b
d l'
sbll Wl m
, . ,
'th'
hich the forces of the ec me
sisting of developed capltallsm \~l m wacl'on Full social equality for
,
re alrea dv ln oper L
,
oj class re l atlons wed'
medern classless societies,
women has only just appeare
m
, .
f
on the largest
. h
hanges in the posltIon a women·
Consequently, t e c
'l
t d 'th the transformations of the
"
l
be also carre a e Wl
.
hlstoncal sca e can
'c relations The soclal degraf G'"ial and economl
.
. .
fundamental tY'pes o· s ~
l
ected with individuallstlc econ the wo econn
h
dation of women was a
.'
t l owned means of prcduction, w enomic relations, based on pn~a. e y
ected in princ'iple, with
f th'
posltlon was conn
,
reas the growt h o
. ell'
h' h followed ,as an inevitableand
thecollective pn::ductHln systehm, Wk.1Cadvances of productive forces,
.
.
f the epoc rna In g
final consequence a
.'
d 'ctl'on and new ~roductlVe
relat1O'ns In 'pro u
b t
that the harmony
e w~en
Th
t al relation between the sexes
, es has been estabhshed.
e mu u
.
forc
,
tegral
part
of
these
relations
in
productlOn,
l!'. an In
THE NEURI OF HERODOTUS
by Kazimierz
M a s z y ń sk i
.
d 'n fact the onlv valid source of our inThe most Important, an l
. h I' d'l'n the VIth and Vth centh
c'ent Neun w a lYe
formation about
e an l
H
d tus In addition to the name of
,
C·
'well
known
ero o
'
,
tunes B. ,lS, as
IS
G
'k
h'
t
'
by the ree
lS a r'an
l , as well as the informatton
I
these peop e, g~ven
h b't t'
the remaining information transconcerning theIr place of a ~ a l~n, he three following points:
mitted by him can be summans:d m t . Hal' to those of the Scythians,
1 The customs of the Neun were SIm
d'
to a wolf
.
ever Neur turned for a few ays m
.'.
2. Once a ye~r
y
"
x edition aganst the Scythlans,
p
3. A generatlon before Da~~usBe
the Neuri had to leave their
C
thus somewhere about 5
" .,
e of some kind of reptile
homeland because of the great mcreas
.
which Herodotus described by the word l' '>r"~' which means
"a snake in general", and in the secondary sense "an adder",
After a thorough examination of the above data it can be safely
concluded that none of them preclude us from considering the Neuri
as the ancestors of the ancient Slavs though, it is equally true, that
non.e entitle us to a0:ept that fact conclusively),
On the other hand, all the information given by Herodotus concerning the places of habitation of the Neuri can be succintly put into five
points:
1. The Neuri lived northwards from the Scythians, the ploughmen,
and like the latter they lived on the river Hypanis, that is the
Bah, and to the west of Borystenes, that is the Dnieper,
2, The Neuriland was divided from the territories
inhabited by the
Scythians by a big lake, wherefrom the river Tyras, that is the
Dniester, originated.
3, Northwards
from the Ister, that is the (lower) Danube, inland
"Scythia i.s enclosed" by the Agatyrs (wherefrom the river Maris,
that is Morash flows, Herodotus IV, 48), then by the Neuri, anci
afterwards next to then Androphagi, and finally Melanchlaini.
,I, A generation before Darius set out on his expedition the Neuri
settled among the Budins.
5, The Scythians, withdrawing during the war with Darius, entered
first the territory inhabited by the Malanchlaini, then that of the
Androphagi, afterwards, ,reaching the land of the Neuri from
where they came back, leaving the Agatyrs in peace.
In summing up all that can be inferred from points 1., 2., 3., and
5. of Herodotus' transmission we are entitled to locate the contemporarv Neuri somewhere on the territories which today form the northe~'n Podole and Volhynia (or even perhaps the adjacent Kiev province), that is, as a matter of fact, where they are usually located,
A thorough, manysided, and at the same time critical scrutiny
of the information given under 4" confronted with the remaining data,
and in particular with those given under 3" suggests the following
interpretation:
sometime earlier than a spell of the generationbefore
Darius' expedition, that is about 550 B. C. the Neuri inhabited an
unknown territory, unspecified by Herodotus except for his allusion
to the empty places lying north of it and the plague of snakes or
adders. From those territories the Neuri moved prior to 550 B. C, and
came to live among or next to the Budins, who were a normadic tribe
living somewhere in the forests covering the territories on the upper
Don in the basin of the river Oka and the middle Volga. But here
the,v stayed fer a short time, since' inthe time of Darius expedition,
1375
1374
and certamly during Herodotus' vis,it ,they ~ere already living on the
territories to the west from the mIddle ~meper.
,
Europe:
s,mce the history of ancient and medIaeval fnorth-eastern
'
t'Dns m th'
'd
us wl'th a number of instances a mlgra
. e
provl es
f
l .
form of gradual or sudden, achieved by leaps, movements a peop es
in one direction only, that is mainly from the East to th,e.West, therefore as far as the first point of the exodus of the Neufl IS concerned,
as the most plausible we should accept the hypothesi~ th~t t?ey v.:ere
ituated broadly speaking to the East from the terntones mha~>lted
~ the Budins, Thus, in th~ light of the above information, the mIgration of the Neuri would be mutatis mutandis similar to that of the
Hungarians.
TRIBAL MENTALITY AND GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
(A study of the gender system in certain North American Indian
.
languages)
by Tadeusz M i l e w s k i
.
d'lVlSlOn
','
. . g Wl·th the assumpt:l:on that the
a f no uns. into
Beglnnm
't
h' h has
ender classes reflects the mentality of the commum Y w lC
.
g I d them the writer has made a study of the gender sy~te~s ~f
o
::e l:~ uages 'of certain North American Indian tribes (Koasatl, BIlOXI,
.
Tsimsh~an, Nass, Chinook, FOX' Chero~ee'd~~r;:~;~~~t~~~:te~Pdae~~i
T k
Tunica) He has a sol examme
t;:: ~~::'developed
system of the Yuchi lang~age (n:;r in Okl~h~:
A) described in the work of Gunter
agner, a
U
S
St a t e,
.,
.,.
.
L
ed by FI' Boas,
y chi Handbook of American Indtan
anguages,.
'.
ht
P u t ill 1935-8 p, 293-384. In the Yuchi language ,there ar~ eIg f
ar,
'.
. l'
different one for pronommaI prefIxes a
gender s~stems, th:t ;~fe~e:t one for the articles, 2. different for the
t~:
~~~r~~e:~~a~~f:;~nt for the singular, 3. different in ~e rm~~~~:nj:~~~
and still different in the f~male langu~ge. In t:~d a
e second more
positions the first system IS always ,slmpler'd
t
(2X2X2=8).
.
d W
et therefore a total of eIght gen er sys ems
..
~v~~~ch th: ~implest is that of the r~dic~te.:~~~;~~
~~et~~trci~r;~
in the men's language and t,helmost e a ~:~;e~n these two extremes
the singular of the women s a~guage,
the remaining systems are cont:me~, 'b
en to the rest of the worlo
The opposition of a group,o co- n es~
a e since it occurs in
is of, the greatest i;;:ort~~~e \~rtl~e o~~s~~~l:~;~rrb~ is further subdi~~~:~~~~~~;~e~s, a le~~'determined
of the total of eight) into animate and inanimate sections, The latter
group of inanimate objects is further differentiated, though even in
a less decisive manner (in two systems against eight) into vertical
objects, i, e. those whose vertical axis is longer than the horizontal,
horizontal objects and the remainder of lifeless objects. Within the
Yuchi tribe the most important
line of division contrasts the
older generation (that is older than the speaker) with the rest of the
tribesmen, This distinction appears in various forms in six systems,
Further distinctions within the group of tribesmen are made by reference to the sex of the speaker, and it is worthy of note that the
classification of every sex group is always more detailed in the language of the opposite group than in its own language, Thus, in the men's
language women are classified in greater detail, and so in the women's
language are men, For each sex group its own group appears to be
more uniform, and the opposite sex group much more differentiated
in terms of the existing tribal and clan hierarchical order. In the
systems for the singular in the male language the group of female
relatives is differentiated, and among them, the female relatives. of
an older generation than the speaker, whereas the male relatives are
not differentiated from the group comprising all tribesman. On the
other hand in the two systems used in the singular by women, we get
a division of a group of tribesmen into male and female sections res'"
pectively,the classification being more detailed within the male group
than in that of the females. The female group is divided into two
classes, of which the first consists of the relatives of the speaker
belonging to the generation older than the speaker, and the second of
the remaining women of the Yuchi tribe. On the other hand, the male
group is divided into three classes, of which the highest consists of
the relatives of the speaker belonging to the generation older than
the speaker, the second is the remainder of the ,relatives, and the
third the remaining males of the Yuchi tribe. It can therefore be seen
that the principle of division according to sex plays a more important
role in the female language than in the male, for the opposition
between the male and female class is only clearly marked in the
language of women, as well as the opposition between male relatives
and female relatives,
,
The thus constructed picture of the world can be regarded as representative of the tribal mentality, as an outlook upon the clan and
the community, which is essentially subjective, and which reflects its
hierarchical order and the preponderance of women in society. Its
cornerstone is the fundamental
opposition between tribesmen and
strangers, that is all those who are outside the tribe, Within the groups
maImer (in four systems only out
87
1376
1377
of tribesmen there is either the differentiation of all members of the
old generation as the upper stratum, or else, which is even more
frequent, the differentiation of one's own clan. Within the clan group
males and females who are relatives of the older generation form the
upper stratum. Thus, we get the hierarchical structure within which
the relatives of the speaker, representing the older generation than the
speaker, are looked upon as the most highly valued group. But t~e
fact that the women in making a detailed classification of men, d1fferentiate their own ~elatives of the older generation, whereas men in
making a detailed classification of women, fail to distinguish their
own relatives, points to unequal treatment of the sexes, to the preponderance of women over men. Female ·relatives form a higher class
in four systems, but male relatives only in· two, which might be regarded as a proof of the priority of the matriarchal system over the
patriarchal. If, however, such an outlook is hierarchical, and if its
evaluations of rank and order are contained within the tribe, clan,
or the matriarchal system, it is ipso facto subjective. In fact, a number of criteria of division, including those which are most characteristic for the Yuchi language, are associated with the speaker and consequently undergo changes with the speaker. This, above all, is clearly
marked in the contrasting -of the generation older than the speaker
with the remaining individuals, as well as in the contrasting of the
relatives of the speaker with the remaining section of tribesmen. In
the centre of the world are older relatives, but, above all, older female
relatives of the speaker, "my relatives" in reference to the speaker,
which gives to his entire outlook a highly egocentric character.
Moreover, the hypothesis that the Eastern BaIts may be the continuation of the mysterious Neuri, mentioned by Herodotus, becomes
now more and more plausible in the light of the above discoveries.
It would thus appear that' the Neuri, having bypassed the Polesie
marshes from the South, settled on the fringes of the Dnieper and
Wołga basin, where Casimir Buga localised their aboriginal habitat.
It is highly probable that the differentiation of the Latvians took
place as a consequence of neighbourly contacts with the Finns,
whereas the anthropological changes of the Lithuanians were caused
by the influence of their Slavonic neighbours. It should also be mentjjoned that the later investigations od V. Kiparsky {1952) brought linguistic evidence supporting the contention of an earlier shift of the
predecessors of the Northern Great Russians from the Vistula basin
to the Western Dvina and the Lake Ilmen region, perhaps before
the Eastern BaIts were able to reach the shores of the Baltic. This
would provide further evidence for Czekanowski's opinion that the
Finns, mentioned by Ptolemaios, and identified by V. Kiparsky with
the Lapps, should be located on the empty fringe dividing the Eastern
Balts from the Western BaIts in the region of the Lower Niemen.
Apparently, in their retreating movement from the South they were
driven back there by the Eastern Ba1ts who were moving northwards,
and later turning towards the Baltic. V. Kiparsky strongly opposes the
attempts of J. M. Rozwadowski and T. Lehr-Spławiński who by means
of toponomastic evidence have tried to find traces of the Finns
on Polish land.
SYNTHETIC SKETCHES OF V. K1PARSKY
RETROSPECTIVE METHOD IN POLISH ETHNOGRAPHY
(A contribution to the history of ethnographic thought in Poland)
by Jan C z e k a n o w s ki
by Józef G a j e k
The synthetic summary of the views of the Finnish scholars on the
problems of ethnogeny of the Ugro-Finnish and Baltic peoples, given
by Valentine K~parsky (1939), is supplemented here by acommentary
which is based on the results of Polishanthropological
investigations
(J. Czekanowski, 1938). In this way the distinct character of the oldest
Lapp stratum has been made apparent. This stratum, perhaps reaching back to the middle paleolithic culture (the Solutrean epoch),
and having Samoyed anthropological affinities, is quite distinct from
the much younger Neolithic, Finnish stratum, having, as most recent
anthropological investigations have shown, some affinities with the
"Fatyanovo" culture of the Soviet archeologists.
Eighty years ago a book was published by Tadeusz Woj <: i ec h o w s k i, Chrobacja: An Inquiry into Slavonic Antiquities,
Cracow,
1873. The introduC'tory part of the work which was called by the
author "The method of the investigation of Slavonic antiquities" forms
a compact whole, embracing 117 pages of a small 8vo, and contains
the gist of his very interesting methodological argument. Strangely
enough, this book despite
its originality and great scientific merits
remained practically unnoticed. Throughout the eighty years which
have elapsed since the date of its publication it was never properly·
analysed, nor even competently reviewed, either by the historians or
by ethnographers. Whatever its cause, the omission on the part of
87
1378
the students of ethnography is signiUcant. In consequence, the name
of Tadeusz Wojciechowski never entered into the history of ethnographic thought in Poland, while his work, so original, grown out of
the native stock of thought, and in many respects pioneering as
a contribution to historical ethnography, never exerted the influence
which it ought to have done. It is not the place in this ,short address
to analyse all the causes of this sad state of affairs, but it should
perhaps be observed that Polish ethnography, submerged at that time
in pointlesscollectioneering,
without a proper theoretical guidance
(for in the field of theory it was then only a faint reflection of the
methodological contentions of West European ethnology), was perhaps,
just as was the contemporary
Western ethnography,
not mature
enough to put into practice theoretical tasks which at that time Wojciechowski was postulating in his pioneering essay On method.
Despite the fact that Wojciechowski's programme remained in its
fundamentals unfulfilled, yet it had some influence on the work of
hi'storians of eminence, such as Piekosiński, Balzer, Potkański, Bujak,
Abraham, ,and Dąbkowski. In their work one can clearly trace the
echo of the r e t l' o g l' e s s i v e method, or, as it was called by Wojciechowski, r e vel' s e method. It is evidenced, aboveall, in the methodological principle of going down to ethnographical sources in any
argument or reconstructive discourse on the origin of Polish culture.
or the origin of the Polish nation and State, which, after all, is nothing
else but the problem of ethnogeny, nowadays so much ,spoken about
and occupying such an important place inany historical ethnographic
analysis. What place seventy years ago took this quite original principle of the retrogressive historical study whose foundations are contained in the work of Jan Potocki,and Surowiecki, and which matured
in Wojciechowski under the influence of contemporary works of Mi··
klo'sich and Pott, was perhaps most aptly summarised in the words by
Stanisław Zakrzewski: "Chrabacja constituted in the history of our
science an important step forward. It should be regretted that it was
never completed, and it is also a great pity that even in the state
in which it was presented to the Polish public it was never translated into any foreign language". (Historical Sketches, p. XX). It was
in its own field a truly pioneering work, not only in Polish science,
but also in world science. It extended the field of historical source
and analysis, by adding to it new sources provided by ethnography.
But it also taught us to look at them in a new and proper perspective,
to interpret them more broadly and more correctly. But the battle
has not been completely won, even today, for some students of history
are still not prepared to accept fully the body of ethnographic sources.
1379
And itis because of that alone, not considering even other shortcomings, that we are likely to find much with which we must today
disagree, and dismiss as errors in the work of such eminent historians
of the older generations as Piekosiński, Bujak, and Potkański.
CRYSTALLOlVIANCY
by Ryszard G a n s i n i e c
The Ladislas Prayerbook, dated about 1480, contains the only preserved treatise of crystallomancy written in Latin. This divination,
known in the classical antiquity, is related to catoptromancy, hydromancy, and a number of other methods of revealing hidden knowledge by means of producing optical or acoustic hallucinations. It appeared in Europe in the XIVth century in a somewhat rudimentary
form as a resultof the Renaissance, being influenced more by its Hellenistic than Arabic trend, and became more established in the second
half of the XVthcentury. It was first mentioned in the writings .Of the
Decretists and Moralists. About the middle of the XVth century
we find crystallomancy in a technically fairly advanced stage, well
established in the c'ourt of the Grand Duke of Bavaria, where the
court physician J. Hartlieb compiled in 1456 an encyclopaedia of magic
and divination. In the eighties of that century it wasaiready
widespread among the nobilityand the intellectuals of Southern Germany,
especially in Niirnberg. Apart from the legendary Faustus (in the
works attributed to him we find several systems of crystal gazing),
of particular importance are the statements of Paracelsus, who, none
the less, was at that time the only scholar who tried to give a scientific
explanation of the phenomena connected with crystallomancy. Earlier
Arabic interpretations
which were undisputedly its first rationalistic
explanations, were not known to him. If today Paracelsus' theories
possess for usa more historical value as interesting ideas and suggestions which can shed light upon his mind and the period in which
he lived, which produced such ideas, it is due to the fact that Paracelsus took as his starting point unverified beliefs and popular stories
which he assumed to have foundation in facts. Herein lies the cause
of his failure of not being able to free himself from primitive animism
and crude astrological schematism, which were then overwhelming,
which by re-shuffling the cosmic forces and the hierarchical order,
regarded the stars as their ultimate source emanating by means
of radiation specific forces. The spiritual entities flaga, specified by Paracelsus, closely resemble similar entities known in the English crystal-
1331
lomancy, with which the German scholar must have been familiar.
Moreover, Paracelsus also testifies to the fact that in his time, whereever he moved, crystallomancy became already developed into a popular practice. This is not shown clearly enough in the witchcraft court
records, and the questioning of the judges and the extorted answers
of the victims do not as a rule go outside the old-established canonical
routine, holding that the devil, identified with the spiritus familiaris
of the Renaissance, stands behind that divination.
In France crystallomancy appeared late and only sporadically; the
related divination methods such as lec.anomancy and catoptromancy
were much more common, while the court astrology was,apart from the
so-called geomancy, the dominating practice. The situation was different in England, where this divination was the first among European
countries to be mentioned in literary works, suchas Robert de Brunne
Handlyng Synne (1303) and in the Registrum Radulphi Baldock (1311).
But divination must have been reduced there to an underground
existence, since the earliest court records of 1467 mention crystallomancy as a popular country practice and quote some of its handbooks.
England is the only country to have in its public libraries :nanuscripts
from the XVth and XVlth centuries with actual divination practices,
though, as a matter of fact, they do not differ much from similar
practices known from Italy and Germany. Yet their elaborate legendary setting and the pr.ayers connected with them testify to their long
previous history on the English territory. It is a fairy which is responsible for the augury, though, unlike the word itself, it is not derived
from the popular Roman fata, (fate and fairy woman) but probably
it is connected with the Celtic side (a fairy woman) who lived in the
mounds and hills. In England, to a much greater extent than in other
countries, crystallomancy gained popularity in political and scientific
circles during the classical XVlth century. John Dee (1527-1608),
the reputed scholar, became one of its patrons who from the study
of optics turned to the crystals and became one of the leading practitioners in crystallomancy. Deeply convinced of the objective character
of these visions, he set out on a journey paymg visits to the courts
of influential European monarchs in order to put forward a political
programme of world reform, but returned disappointed with poor
results in his reformatory mission. He left 23 folios with crystallomantic records covering the period between 1581-1588, as well as some
crystals which were said to have been used by him for his experiments.
At the time when Dee was at the height of his fame, the judge Reginald Scot fought against divination, not only in the court but also
in a very learned treatise on The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), which
subsequently became a gospel of deism in England and also on the
Continent, chiefly owing to the rationalistic explanations contained
there.
In the XVlth century crystallomancy
reached the peak of its
popularity. Afterwards it began to fade from public life and when the
looking-glass replaced the rather expensive crystal it disappeared
completely. Its revival again took place in England, where Francis
Barrett in his Magus (1801) devoted some space to this type of divination. The Romantic Movement took up the subject which it found
attractive and introduced it into literary works (Goethe, Hoffmann,
Hebbel, Ludwig, and others). Science sought to explain the Old Tes....
tament oracle of urim and thummim in terms of crystallomancy, which
accounted for the fact that it was regarded for some time as holy
by the Roman Catholics.
.
A survey of information refen'ing
European peoples closes the work.
to crystallomancy
among non-
HOUSING AND MOVABLE PROPERTY ON THE ESTATES
BELONGING TO THE POZNAŃ DIOCESE IN THE XVIIth
AND XVIIlth CENTURIES
by Walerian
Sobisiak
This is an essay ,in historical ethnography based on such material
as records of inventories and inspections carried out on the estates
belonging to the diocese of Poznań between 1604 and 1796. The writer
collected carefully all the facts and details which, directlyor
indirectly, refer to various items of material culture such as housing,
including living qua·rters an.d all types of farm building, and the
buildings for various industrial, processing, and trading :purposes.
He is interested in the con<structional detail, material used for building, type of rOJfing, and interior furnishing of these buildings, in
fact, every detail which could be found in the records. The writer
makes here also a thorough study 6f agricultural tools and implements used in connection with soil cultivalUon and gardening and
also preservation
and processing of food and other farm produce
(distilledes and breweries, grain mills, cloth mills etc.). Of special
interest is his chapter on the inn, its material furnishing and social
functions.
Publications of this type are rare in Polish ethnography so it is to
the writer's credit that the present study fills an important gap in
this respect. It should be added that he does not treat his material
1382
1383
as scattered and not connected facts but tries wherever it is possible
to project them against the type of then prevailing feudal economy
and farming system, i. e· extensive and predominantly grain producing
farming system.
THE PROBLEM OF NAWSIE
IN THE VILLAGE SETTLEMENT
by Józef B u r s z t a
In the first place, the writer tries to give an answer to the question of what nawsie is; having done this, he is concerned with its
historyand
place in the pattern of village settlement.
The role of nawsie in the village settlement has not yet been
satisfactorily explained in the Polish scientific literature. Until not
long ago only scattered notices about it could be found. Nor does
the work of Docent J. Gerlach provide a satisfactory explanation as
to the meaning and place of nawsie in the early mode of village
settlement,since his method' is confined to historical and juridical
approach. Yet nawsie is a broader problem which can only be solved by combining two lines of research, which are usually applied
in the study of the rural settlement, that is the historicaland
the
geographical approach. The writer decided to adopt that combined
method.
Passing now to the discussion of the main types of village in
Poland and their spatial lay-out, the writer has noticed that nawsie
appears regularly in certa,in types of compact villages (which he enumerates), that it m a y appear in certain less densely built villages
(like those built along main roads or along several roads), but, as
a rule, it never occurs in scattered settlements. As an element of settlement nawsie is of medieavalorigin
and is determined by the then
prevailing methods of agricultural husbandry and the mode of land
utilization. As to the position of nawsie in the spatial lay-out of the
village settlement, the writer has discovered that nawsie consisted
equally of the ,central village square as well as of the long space along
the settlement's highway; and also that the nawsie constituted the
village common grounds, not so much onaccount
of the type of the
soil found there as some have maintained, but because of its position
within the village lay-out, and because of the role it played in the
life of the community.
Nawsie in medieaval Poland was also known under the name
wqgrody,
which form however was found exclusively in Mazowsze.
It was widespread in Southern Poland, also in Bohemia (where it
appeared under a similar name, nawes), Silesia, Brandenburg, and Pomerania (where it was 'known as Anger or A'Ue).
In Chapter V the writer discusses the historical developmen t of
nawsie as a form of communal ownership. He describes cases of
appropriation of nawsie by the bailiffs and the landlords and the
opposition of the villagers defending themselves against such an
action. It appears that despite various attempts atappropriation
of its
parts, the nawsie remained on Polish lands the common property
of the community until recent times. The position was different in
Silesiaand
in Germany, where nawsie were annexed by landlords
and became their exclusive property.
Next, the writer gives an account of some interesting cases of the
colonisation of nawsie. Thus he shows that from the earliest time
the poorer sections of the village population (the landless peasants
and labourers) were a'c'commodated on the nawsie. We know from
early documents referring to land settlement that bailiffs had the
right to settle there their craftmen and labourers. Later on, with the
progressing impoverishment of the villages, the landless proletariat
as a rule settled there. In certain provinces, as in Lower Silesia, in
central Galicia, special weavers' settlements were f,ounded in the
nawsie. In the vicinity of industrial centres nawsie grouped workers
who every day journeyed to their factories. The latter nawsie settlements soonacquired
the character of urban settlements, whereas the
remaining part of the village never changed its ruralcharacter.
Nawsie
thus played this singular role that it made possible the flow of the rural
population and its settlement within a looality without profoundly
altering its original topographical character.
Finally, the writer gives an example of the role of nawsie in
modern settlement, describing the case of the village Grodzisko in
the district of Łańcut. Nawsie there has all the typical features,
that is the position along the village highway, the character of its
population originally formed from the village poor and craftsmen
providing services to. the entire village - out of which subsequently
a small town developed. The writer shows how the empoverished
village population settled there during the period of class differentiation of the villages. It appears that apart from the nawsie the.
village peripheries were the only places where the poor settled. Thus
the social fact of class differentiation of the village population finds
also its reflection in the spatial categories.
138i
1385
SMALL TOWNS IN THE DISTRICT OF OPOCZNO,
CENTRAL POLAND, IN THE PAST
by J. P. Dekowski
The present work is devoted to the study of life in the past in
small towns in the district of Opoczno in Central Poland. It is based
on historical rec'ords, although the wl'iter stresses that the archive
material he had at his disposal was scanty and incomplete, this being
chiefly due to dev,astations caused by several wars in the past but
above all the two last world wars.
In describing the social and economic institutions of such small
towns, beginning with the XVIth century, the writer stresses the.ir
predominantly agricultural character. Despite the fact that a certam
number ofcraftsmen
and traders lived in these towns agricultural
interests predominated and the great majority of the population wa'S
engaged in the cultivation o£ the soil. A t)"pical town household had
many features of the country farm. Thus, in addiHon to the home,
it had its barn, byre, pig-sty, stable, cart and wagon shed, woodshed,
granary, and in some cases its own distillery, mangłe, and some craft
workshops. Next the writer discusses the outside appearance 'of
a house in these towns; built of wood, its construction, roof cover,
number of rooms with the richer and poorer peo{Yle,as well as the
manner ,in which the interior of the house was furnished are described.
The writer was able to find some interesting material referring to
the dress""Of the inhabitants of these little towns. Dress was on the
whole elaborate, rich, and ornamental, using, in addition to ,the locally
made materials, a fair number of costly imported materials. In the
XVIIIth century imported material predominated both in men',s and
women's dress.
In 'conclusion the writer stresses that the study of the form of life
in these small towns is important a'lso for the students of the countryside as much that happened there directly affected the subsequent
development and the status of the country people and their culture
which to a great extent developed under the influence of these urban
patterns.
PATRYJA" "
A NOTE ON SOME METHODS OF PASSING NEWS
OVER DISTANCE
by Wojciech H e j n o s z
Starting with an assumption that sometimes even a slight det.ail
noted may be of importance in ethnographic research, the ",;riter
!
.1
.,I
.j
reports on his findings concerning the passing of news over distance
in former times. Though his information is not complete, yet the
subject, despite its obvious importance, has received little attention
in Polish ethnography.
One way of passing information over distance is by means of
beacon fires, lit on hills, though detailed information is lacking on
how this is done. The writer succeeded in collecting some information
on the subject. Thus, his attention was drawn to the fact that, in
certain areas, as e. g. in Grodzisko, the district of Łańcut, certain
hills are known under the name pa.tryja. This word seems to be etymologically connected with tłie !Polish word patrzeć - to look at, watch,
thus suggesting some ,connection between the names of hills and signalling arrangements i!1 the past.
This hypothesis finds a further confirmation in the dictionary definition of the word patry ja, which is associated there with surveying
beacons. It is obvious, however, that the surveying is of modern
origin, whereas the word patry ja refers to a much older period.
Similar signallingarrangements
by means ,of beacon fi'H~Shave been
reported from Switzerland, where they still seem to live in oral
tradition.
THE FOREST BADGE IN THE IŁŻA DISTRICT,
THE PROVINCE OF KIELCE
by Zygmunt K o l a n k a w s k i
Primitive forest beekeeping, as a form of simple natural husbandry was widespread in ancient Poland. Information concerning
it can be found in a number of early historical records, beginning
with the oldest known record coming from Ibrahim ibn Jacob and
dating from the second half of the Xth century. The owners of the
barcie, that is the forest bee-hives, marked their property with
special signs or badges, consisting of cuts made with an axe on the
trunk of the tree where the bee-hive was. The signs were similar
to those with which farm animals were marked, as well ,as the houses,
fishing tackle, potteryand
so forth.
The study of the bee-hive badges from the Kurpie Forest in Mazowsze made by L. Krzywicki in 1892 showed that they were of great
antiquity, some of them reaching back as far as the period of community ownership. The investigations by B. Namysłowski carried out
between 1925 and 1929 convinced him that the ancient property
badges have become the foundation for the heraldic ensigns of the
knights of the feudal period.
1386
it'
I
1387
The collection of bee-hive badges described in the present article
comes from the Iłża district. the area of Central Poland (the Province
of Kielce), where such antiquities were so far not known. It should,
however, be added that this district has a developed folk-pottery
production with rich ornamental designs.
The analysis of the forest bee-hive badges, which in our case date
from the end of the XVIIth century, fully confirmed the results previously obtained by L. Krzywicki, thus making possible the stating
of the similarity in the form of badges according to the clan bonds
of their owners. The examination of the records of the inspection
made in the Iłża estate in 1789, containing "The Specification of the
bee-hives in the Iłża forests" allows us to state that there existed
at that time interesting connections between the rather primitive
forest bee-hiving and its higher form the cottage bee-hiving. Thus
beekeeping husbandry was practised at that time in 27 villages,
whereas forest bee-hives in 11 villages, of which 9 villages were
inhabited both by forest beekeepers and cottage beekeepers. The total
number of bee-hives was 270, of those in the forests 419. In the villages jointly inhabited by two groups of beekeepers there were 130
bee-hives. There were 55 forest beekeepers and 72 cottage beekeepers.
The identity of names was established in 7 cases, uncertain in 7 cases.
The latter group owned between them 91 forest and 46 cottage hives.
Finally, the tables of "specification" which have now been published
enabled the writer to correct one mistake made by B. Namysłowski
who was convinced that the forest badges had exclusively linear
decorative motifs, this being accounted for by the f,act that they came
from cuts made with an axe. Our table of "specification" makes it
now quite clear that wavy lines appear also in the bee-hive badges.
THE FOREST BADGE FROM THE AREA OF WYSZKÓW
by Józef B u r s z t a
The writer adds 62 new forest badges from the Wyszków forest,
situated at the confluence of the rivers Bug and Narew. Only a small
r.umber of these discerning emblems, associated with forest beehives, have been known so far. The new specimens come from 1650,
i. e. from the year the inspection of the forest was carried out. The
records are now in the Archives of the Polish Ethnographical Society,
and come from the collection of the well-known Polish ethnographer,
the late Jan Witort.
Analysing the above forest badges, the writer briefly discusses
three pr8blems: that of their migin, morphology, and function. In line
with L. Krzywicki's and B. Namysłowski's theories, he stresses their
practical and polyphyletic origin. Being at first clan emblems, they
became In the course of time ordinary discerning badges, used when
the forest property had to by marked, whether it was the area of
a' "full forest", "half-forest" or only a "bee-hive section of the forest".
Comparing the Wyszków badges with other emblems known from
different forests, the writer stresses the fact that some of them differ
in their morphology, Some of the Wyszków badges seem to be much
more elaborate (e. g. badges Nos. 29, 48, 26). The writer is of the
opinion that the forest badges must have been simple at first, and
such are, as a matter of fact, the oldest so far known badges from the
XVIth century, quoted by st. Kutrzeba. Then, they tend to develop
towards much greater complexity in form. This complexity is the
result of the subdivision of the bigger forest areas into smaller units
or even of the sale or transfer of the smallest units (bee-hive sections) in which process additional discerning signs had to be added.
Hence the greater complexity of the badge, the longer and more
complex the history of a particul,ar forest unit. Some morphological
features of the badges point to the strong influence of Christianity
and church culture, though the possibility of the personal influence
of a particular scribe should also not be left out of account.
SHEEPOWNERS'
COURTS IN WESTERN FOLAND AT THE END
OF THE XVIIIth CENTURY
by Bohdan B a r a n a w s k i
The problem of village jurisdiction in old Poland contains still
many unsolved questions. Among such problems, very little is known
about the methods of administering justice by certain occupational
groups such as bee-keepers, raftsmen, or sheepowners. The specific
conditions of life and work' of their members have undoubtedly
accounted for the fact that almost until the end of the XVIIIth
century they preserved a measure of professional and local autonomy,
one of the chief manifestations of this being the power of administering justice within their respective professionalor
trade groupS. As.
however, most of such legal courts had not literate scribes on them
we have, unfortunately, little trace of their sometimes lively activitie;.
One such occupational group which preserved a meaSUl'e of independence in settling its own legal disputes, though limited strictly
to professional matters, was that of the sheepowners wh8 f8rmed
such a professional body. Unfortunately
very little material exists
which could shed light on their activities. So far. only one transaction
1389
1388
or the sheepowners' court has been published, namely one which sat
in the village of Czewujewo, near Żnin in WesteIn Poland, in the
year 1693 in order to hear the case of two shepherds accused of
stealing sheep. We also possess some fragmentary notes taken from
the orders issued to the Pomeranian villagers forbidding them to hold
sheepowners' courts.
Finally the writer refers to the document found in the State
Archives in Łódź, containing the minutiae of the sentence passed by
the sheepowners' court whi;:h sat in Western Poland in the year 1787.
Thus, the sheepowners' court met in the village of Chrośnica, near
Zbąszyń. It was composed of four sheepowners from the neighbouring
villages and sat with the object of trying the case of sheep stealing
by a few shepherd's assistants. The accused were found guilty and
the sentence passed involved the payment of high money fines to be handed to the local landlord and parish church as well as to the court.
The sentence also involved the disqualification of a few shepherds
\",ho by virtue of the decision of the court were deemed unworthy
t0 continue in their profession. Despite the sentence the rather
involved matter as to how the indemnification was to be paid remained
i~. suspension and was not finally settled until 1794. The text of the
pronouncement of the Court, published in the present article, deserves
special attention on account of its rich factual material.
SHEEPOWNERS' COURT AT PŁOCK, MASOVIA
(End of 18th Century)
by Zygmunt K a l a n k a w s k i
In the General Archives of Ancient Documents in Warsaw there
are among the municipal registers of the city of Płock some interesting legal records concerning the organisation of the so-called Sheepowners' Courts. They originate from the period of Poland's partition
and refer to the lawsuit of Walenty Szymański, a shepherd in the
royal domains of Biała and Maszewo which were at that time taken
on lease by Jakub Miszewski, master of the hunt at Przasnysz ana.
administrated by Józef Chiemliński.
The above mentioned were indicted by Walenty Szymański for refusing to hand over to him the confiscated sheep and convoking
a lawless Sheepowners' Court theaction of which did him much harm.
But the feudal tenants shrewdly turned to their advantage the homeruled institution of the Sheepowners' Court as an instrument of repression against Szymański, though the -court really ought to have done
justice to him. Thus on 17-th October 1789 the sentence was passed.
Unfortunately w~ do not know its wording, but it was said by the
noblemen to be ,,~l11ld".Szymański, however, in his appeal of March
14th 179~ complallled that the Court had been lawless and the sentence unJUSt.
We become acquainted with the beginning of the lawsuit from th"
documents Nos .. 1 and 4 - quoted herecomplete,
the further thre~
(Nos. 2, 3, 5) belllg less important, only in notes.
SOME CASE STUDIES OF THE SHEEPOWNERS' COURT ACTIVITY
IN THE XVIIth AND XVIIIth CENTURIES
i
by Ad3m K a l e t k a
ł
This ~rticle should be read jointly with the study by Prof B Baranowskl on the Sheepowners' Courts in Western Poland at 'th~ end
the XV!IIth cen!ury, {p. 538. English Summary p. 1387) which proVIdes a WIder settmg out of the legal activities of such professional
grou~s. Here two ca~es of the sitting of sheepowners' courts are
descnbe~. on the basIs of unpublished historical records which the
wnter dIscovered and utilized in the present study.
1
PEASANT SAW-MILLS IN THE ŻYWIEC REGION IN THE XVIIth
AND XVIIIth CENTURIES
l
'l
ł.
.,\
ot
by Józef B l' a d a
The .area of Żywiec Beskid, like the entire ridge of the Carpathian
mountams, was formerly covered with compact groups of primeval
fo~est - the natural riches of that hilly country. Beginning with the
mIddle of t~e X~th c.entury, forestry products, and timber in particular, steadIly gamed m economic importance, and with the establish~1ent of the system of estate farming, occupied a paramount place
.~; the exports of th.at region. Timber was sent by water to Cracow,
hIch was for ŻYWIec the nearest marketing centre. With the development of the timber trade not only unshaped timber was exported
but also squared or dressed pieces of wood. The first information
about the ~e~hanical shaping of timber in local saw-mills dates back
to the begmm~g of the XVIth century. A hundred years later there
were 8 such tImber mills in the area of Żywiec which cut shaped
t~m.ber. ~nventories of ~a~d property, made in the years 1667 and
1112, registered also a SImIlar number of industrial establishments.
1390
1391
The construction of the saw-mill was very simple: the basic buildmg material was wood, of which almost all the parts of the machinery
\-vere made (apart from a few most indispensable parts and fixtures
which were made of iron). The Żywiec saw-mills were two-storied;
in the lower, ground level, part of the barn, built of thick logs, there
were wheels and rollers which transmitted the water power to the
sawing machinery proper, placed on the floor above.
The construction of the Żywiec saw-mills was at that time more
primitive in comparison with those of Podhale. The drawings included
in the text (constituting an attempt at reconstruction on the basis
of their descriptions contained in the sources in the middle of the
XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries) and the explanations contained in the
tC'xt, fully account for the' above differences in the constructional
level.
~.
COUNTRY MILLS IN WESTERN KUJAWY FROM THE XVIth
CENTURY UP TO THE PRESENT TIME
by Czesław Ł u c z a k
The earliest record mentioning the existence of water-mills in
Western Kujawy come fTom the XIIIth century, whereas wind-mills
are for the first time recorded as late as the XVlth century.
All mills were at that time and also later owned by the King, the
Church, and by big landowners, who settled millers in them who were
mostly recruited from the peasants. The status of the miller and his
duties towards the owner of the mill differed, though in most cases
he was obliged to pay rent, either in kind (grain) or in cash. In addition to this, the tenant had to make other contributions to the landlord (e. g. feeding a certain number of pigs, giving technical help to
other establishments run by the estate and so forth). Between 1760
and 1773 most contributions in kind were commuted into money rents,
this being connected with the general commercialisation of economy.
Broadly speaking, such conditions lasted in the village milling industry till about the middle of the nineteenth century.
After 1823 during the regulation of the land problem there were
lew cases of agreements made between the millers and the landlords,
by virtue of which former peasants acquired the right of ownership of
wind-mills, for which however they paid.
In this way the first peasant owned wind-mills in Kujawy came
into existence after 1823, though, in fact, there were only a few of them
until 1845--1851, when they increased substantially. This was largely
due to the bill of February 9th, 1849, providing that every owner or
'1
manager of an industrial establishment should have full professional
qualifications. In consequence, big landowners faced the necessity of
undergoing professional examination. Aftera few years of unsuccessful
negotiations with the Prussian authorities who were adamant on this
point and would not agree to any compromising solution, the general
selling out of the water- and wind-mills to the peasants began. In cQn-.
sequence, the state of peasant ownership in the village mills greatly
increased, reaching its peak between 1870 and 1890. In the same period,
however, the steadily progressing capitalisation in the industry began
to threaten the establishments which were technically less developed.
The village mills and wind-mills were overwhelmed in the uneven
struggle and had to yield to technically better equipped urban milling
plants. From that time the number of mills in the country steadily
diminished.
Among various milling establishments known in Western Kujawy,
which were either driven by human muscular power (hand-mills),
animal power, or wind- and water-power, the most common were
wind-mills. On the other hand the technically most advanced of all
were water-mills. They had both undershot wheels and also those in
which the water was shot over the top of the wheel setting it in motion in this way.
The writer then proceeds to discuss the technical equipment of
these mills, describing their mechanism, and paying special attention
to the ethnographic nomenclature of various parts of their machinery.
It appears that, with regard to technical advancement, not much
progress was attained until 1772, even that being mostly minor improvements often introduced by local millers.
The Industrial Revolution of the XIXth century with its stupendous
technical advances hardly touched the milling industry on the territory
under investigation. Thus, for instance, no steam-engine was introduced during the XIXth century into the milling industry in the Kujawy region. The greatest change throughout this period consisted in
the building of a few Dutch wind-mills. The changes which were made
in the machinery of water- and wind-mills were only minor technical
improvements (e. g. certain wooden parts were replaced by metal, silk
bolters were introduced in the place of linen ones, the apparatus for
turning wind-mills were pedected etc.). The first steam or motor mills
appeared in the Kujawy villages in the period between 1918 and 1939
but they were due to urban initiation or that of the big landowners
rather than that of the local people.
The village milling industry which in the feudal ,period was represented by a fair number of water-, animal-, and wind-operated mills
suffered many setbacks of depression already at the beginning of the
88
1393
1392
CLOTH PRINTING IN SILESIA
capitalist era. This was chiefly due to the technical backwardness of
the village mills which could not compete with the urban power mills,
where many technical appliances were introduced. The further development of capitalism even more aggravated the position, since modern
and efficient milling establishments came into being in the towns, representing landowners' or commercial capital, and these have practically ousted the old type of peasant owned mill.
Nowadays, water-mills in the Kujawy region exist no more, and
of a small number of wind-mills still active 80% are engaged in roughgrinding corn solely for the use of the local population.
by Leon M a l i c k i
LAND MEASURES AT URZĘDÓW
by Michał Pęk
alsk i
Among many interesting relics of olden times are the local names
of the old measures of land, which can still be found occasionally in
some parts of Poland. They can still be found in the country town
of Urzędów, and the local population uses them yet in everyday life.
It should he stressed 'that although the same names are usedin every
suburb of the town they do not denote the ,same area of land. This
should beaccounted for by the fact that, although the original łany
(Early English h i d e, p l a u g h l a n d) were of the same width, their
length differed from 3-8 kilometres.
It is possible that sad events areassociated with the origin of the
land measures at Urzędów. According to local traditions, confirmed
by the records contained in municipal books, the "black death" visited
Urzędów in the XVIIth century and ravaged with such force that
few people remained alive in the town. The surviving inhabitants
and new settlers took possession ofthe
deserted land which they
divided in such a way that every strip of land allotted, though it was
as a rule of the same width, could be of different length, since the
latter was fixed by the boundary of the neighbouring village. Hence,
the position was such that, though the names remained the same,
the actual plots differed in size considerably. As for instance a łan
,hide, ploughland) at the Ranków suburbamounted
to 48 morgi, in
Terrczyn it was 64. The most characteristic names are: pólzagonki,
zagonki, półćwiartki
(pućwiartki),
kiełbasy, and półłanki (pułanki),
all signifying differen t land measures.
'
"I
<t
:,,','1;
ł'
The writer stresses the antiquity of the popular technique of cloth
printing which came from the East and developed in the Middle Ages
in Germany, and later in the Netherlands and in England. They became
the centres which improved the technique of cloth printing and developed new ornamental patterns which later played an important role in
the history of these textiles.
Then the writer describes briefly the oldest techniques of cloth
printing by means of matrices (carved wood blocks). By this means the
pattern was printed directly on the material. S.ince the. XVI~th cent~ry
a new improved technique was introduced whlCh cons1sted m covermg
the block with a coating of wax and afterwards stamping the waxed
design on the fabric, dyeing it, and afterwards removing the wax. The
latter technique became very widespread in Europe.
The writer then describes briefly the cloth printing centres which
originated in small Silesian towns such as: Cieszyn, Jabłonków,. Koźle,
Racibórz, Leśnica, pow. Strzelce Opolskie, Biała, pow. Prudmk, and
Siemianowice pow. Stalinogród (formerly Katowice), Most!Ofthem were
as late as the second half of the XIXih century stiB printing cloth fa:
the countryside of which peasants' skirts, aprons, shawls, and tablecloths were made. The writer gives the characteristic features of each
centre in so far as material is available.
A number of the matrices from the above mentioned printing centres are now preserved in the regional museums in Bytom, Cieszyn,
Bielsko Gliwice, Opole, and Racibórz.
The~ the writer gives descriptions of the wooden printing matrices
which are mostly rectangular in shape or often with a square fr~me
and for side motifs take a straight line, and often also a curved lme.
Older matrices have the ornamental motifs carved in the wood, on
more modern ones they consist of metal bars and pins, ,:ery neatly
fixed. Combined motifs, consisting both of carvings and pms are frequent. The most frequent ornamental motifs are small spots or la~ge
ones arranged in a strip, flowers, bouquets, large flowers, flowermg
twigs and climbing intertwining plants. Less freq~ent1y met. are geo,
metrical ornaments or geometrical and plant des1gns combmed. Th~
similarity of certain motifs with embroidery design is striking,
The writer goes on to describe the processes of dyeing and printing
of cotton fabric practised in the years 1868-79 in Siemi~nowic~ whiel:
still retained its old and primitive character, that 1S 1t conSIsted 01
direct printing of the cotton fabric. However the majority of cotton
88'
1394
1395
printers in Upper Silesia had already adopted an improved technique,
resembling that of batik.
The article is illustrated with 5 photographs and 21 reprints showing ornamental motifs of Silesian matrices.
hired for a meagre payment, who either supplied their own transport
or looked after carts and horses provided by somebody else, and who
had also to perform various minor services. The latter were known
as the nagończy .
.
.
Under such circumstances many a kupiec or nagonczy lost hIS
small savings and often his health, while only a few succeeded in
gaining their economic independence. More ofte~, ~fter a fe.w years
of co-operation with the rich gazdas, they fell vIctIm to theIr usury
and returned to their original position of poor peasant. On the other
hand, gazdas, as a rule, enriched themselves, ado~ting a new way of
living which found its expression in better housmg, a new style of
dressing. and living which made them different from the rest of the
villagers.
It should be added that most' gazdas came from the Slovak part
of Orava whereas the Oravian villages inhabited by the Polish population ~upplied mainly the poorer dealers and their attendar:ts:
In order to avoid competition the linen dealers from Orava dlvlded
Hungary into separate spheres of influence. Thus, for instance, t~e
linen dealers from Bobrowa used to sell their linen in Bachka and m
Slavonia, the dealers from Zubrohlava went with their goods to
Transylvania, at that time known as Siebenbiirgen, and the dealers
from Osada to the country near Zagreb.
In the second half of the XIXth century the number of Orava
linen dealers rose to 800. In 1884 they decided to found their own
trade association, which engaged a certain number of wea~ing specialists· from Bohemia who taught the people ·of Orava Improved
methods of linen making. A similar improvement in the methods of
dyeing and mangling took place. In 1890 the Hungarian Govern~ent
forbade all dealing in Hnen except by those who were professlOnal
merchants. This naturally undermined the existence of the old Orava
płócienniki
thus forcing the country for many years into a state of
economic setback.
THE LINEN DEALERS OF ORAVA
by Marian
Ga t k iew i cz
The .people .of Upper Orava were traditionally engaged in linen
p~oductlOn, WhICh they used partly for the satisfaction of their own
needs and partly for the payment of the dues which under feudalism
t~ey owed. to the castle overlords, to whom they were compelled to
gIveone mnth of their crop of flax and hemp. In the second half of the
XVlIIth century certain Orava peasants were known to obtain marketable SUfl~l':lseswhich they transported and sold in Hungary, under
whose polItIcal rule they were at that time. During the reign of Maria
Theresa there must have been quite a number of these linen dealers
(called płócienni ki), sine!e a special patent guaranted theiT Iright to
pursue the linen trade.
. The writer then describes the means of transport used by these
lmen dealers; at first they carried their goods on their backs, but
la~er they began to use carts as a means of transport.
About the
mI~dle of the XVlIIth century, when they succeeded in extending
t~eIr markets over the entire territory of Hungary, they also bought
lmen over a much wider area, not only in Orava but also in the
neighbouring Galician vmages, and especially in the markets in
Czar~lY.Dunajec ~nd Rabka .. Having dyed and mangled the linen they
sold It m more dIstant provInces of the country.
.
The. collection of such large quantities of linen, its dyeing and
proc~ssmg, naturally
required a large capital outlay which only
certam dealers could mobilise. Under the circumstances social and
e~o~~mic clea.vages became inevitably more and more ~ronounced,
dIvIdmg the rIcher linen dealers (called gazda) who were able to buy
large stocks of goods from poorer dealers (kupcy). The latter had to
accept a subordinate position in relation to the powerful gazdas and
agree to the terms imposed on them, limiting their role to the distribution of goods which they took in smaller quantities to various local
markets where the linen could be sold. But here the chain of exploitation did not end, for the kupcy, though they were themselves at
the ~ercy of the powerful gazdas, became themselves exploiters,
even perhaps more ruthless, of their subordinates, that is labourers
TIlE LINEN INDUSTRY AND TRADE IN CHOCHOŁOW
by Marian G a t k i e w i c z
1
i
The writer describes the Ic'Ottage linen industry and trade which
existed into the XIXthcentury
in the mountain vmag~ of Chochołów, situated in the foothills of the WesteTn Tatras. T.he lmen. makers,
called knapowie,
produced on their cottage looms lmen .whlch t~ey
sold in the neighbouring markets, chiefly in Czarny DunaJe~. A fal~ly
laTge quantity of linen was sold in HungaTy, or in the nelghbourmg
1396
1397
province of Orava, where it was dyed and processed. In return knapowie, knJwn also as plócienniki,
brought a number ofarticles from
Orava (chiefly consumption goods such as leather, boots, some clothing, and earthenware pots) which they sold at a profit in their own
and the neighbouring villages. Some produce, such as, for instance,
eggs, bought in Orava from special women eggdealers (called woj'C'arki)
were taken as far as Cracow. It is thus interesting to note how long
and often complicated were these pea:sant trade routes, although as
a rule their means of transport was very simple and limited.
INFORMATION
P. 604 The master's supper, woodcut, 1567·
P. 605 Under a green twig, woodcut, 1655.
P. 606 Trap with two lids, etching, 1760.
P. 607 Possessed by the devil, woodcut, 1693.
P. 608 Tricorn ox, engraving, 1755.
P. 609 Working on a farmstead, woodcut, 1655. .
P. 610 Letters written with Lord's own hand, etchmg, 1684.
P. 611 Czumaki-peasants' carts, oil-painting, undated.
P. 612 Twardowski's magical mirror, woodcut, 1871.
P. 613 Centipede and bear's cub, woodcut, 1534.
P 614 Kirgis, woodcut, 1837.
p' 615 Sea-spider (Aranea marina), woodcut, 1534.
p' 616 Harvest wreath with cock, lithograph, 1841.
p' 617 Mandrake and goddess, woodcut, 1575.
P· 618 Dr"'gon fighting a sa1amander, woodcut, 1575.
619 Peasant costume from 16th century, woo dcut , 16th ar beginning of 17th century
P. 620 The peasant ,and the devil, lithograph, .183~:
d t 1864
.
P. 621 Jumping through a bonfire called "sobotka ,woo cu,
P. 622 Denudation (a form of ,penalty), woodcut, 1526.
P. 623 Stratagem of the legendary Leszek, woodcut, 1564.
ON PEASANT DRESS IN OLD TAILOR'S
GUILD BOOKS
by Adam
Gl ap a
The writer reports that when researching in the archives in
connection with preparing a volume for the collection "Atlas of
Peasant Costumes" he came across a few old tailor's guild books from
the XVIth to XVIIIth centuries which contained valuable information
concerning the old peasant costumology and also threw light upon the
factors influencing the peasant dress in former times. Among other
data, the writer found in these books technical designs and details
of the cut, explaining the manner of making tents and dress for different social groups. In ad-dition to the drawings, usually the name 'of
the drawn part of dress was given, information as to who was to wear
it, the measurements of individual parts of dress, the quantity of
material needed for it, the quality of material, and sometimes even
the place where it was produced. Among the descriptions of the lay
and liturgical dress,there
were also usually appended at the end of
the book drawings and data referring to peasant dress. This is shown
in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and the following.
In the concluding part the writer expresses the opinion that
greater attention should be paid to such historical sources, which
so far have not been sufficiently perused, either in connection with
the series "Atlas of Peasant Costumes" or in general works on
costumology.
ETHNOGRAPHIC
ICONOGRAPHY
by Tadeusz S e w e r y n
This is the continuation of Polish iconographic material, published
by the author in .,Lud", \'015. :37, 38 and 39.
P:
~.
•
Q
WHEN DID THE HORIZONTAL LOOM APPEAR IN POLAND?
by Józef K a s t r z e w s k i
Archeological findings. on ;ao~~:al te::i~~~C:le:~~pea :~~~lYa ll~~~:
number of clay weIghts of p~
11 regarded as weights for the
hole in the top part, WhICh
g;nera dyloom Contrary to the view
warp threads of the. v:rtica y ram e e ards these weights merely
of Kima~owi~z- Win~l~k~ ~~~;:d;) f;:;
~h~ spindle, placed, according
as a. devIce or un om~ h above mentioned weights, the present
to hIm, m. th: holes ~f t e reat ma' ority of cases, and especially
writer mamtams that In the g
J d are possibly arranged in
when these weights appear in g~oups a; that of weaving weights.
two rows, their essential functlOn W~ter cited above is mistaken
It is further p?int:d. out that the w~~h weights are not known to
(Note 6) in mamtammg that .lo~m~ c:s for they were not lcng ago
primitive pe.oples or. to clvlhse
l~
and 8) and in Iceland. On t~e
still in use m S~a~dmavla (No.tes had been known from the neohPolish territory slmllar clay weIghts A D (Notes 9-26). but in the
thic times up t~ the Vth. centur; fo~nd' on our territory, although
following centUries they ",ere no
a~t
1398
1399
they still occurred in the early Middle Ages among Western and
Eastern Slavs (Notes 40 and 41). It should however be added that
they were at that time still in use on Germanic territories as for
instance, in Western Germany (Notes 31, 32) and North We~tern
Germany (Notes 33, 34), in Denmark (Notes 35, 36), in Norway (Note
37) and the British Isles (Note 38). We do not know, of course,
whether such early going out of use of the loom weights in Poland
coincided with the adoption of horizontally
framed looms. The
available linguistic data, that is the names of the parts of the
horizontal loom. which are common to Western, Eastern, and Southern
Slavs, would rather indicate that this type of loom had been very
early among the Slavs, in fact at a time before they split and left
their original place of habitation, that is somewhere before the IVth
or Vth century A. D. The oldest archeological evidence testifying
to the existence of horizontal looms from the territory
of Poland
dates from the XIIth century A. D. and comes from the excavations
at Gdańsk and Opole. From other European countries we possess
only iconographic data, confirming the knowledge of horizontally
arranged looms beginning from the early XIVth century (Notes 48-51).
As a further proof of the use of vertical looms in Poland, possibly
equipped with two warp beams (hence not requiring the weights),
might be regarded the fact that wooden weaving swords were discovered in Gdańsk and Niestronno in uncovered settlements dating from
the Xth to the XIIth century.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL LOOMS
by Tadeusz W rób l e w s k i
The view prevailing among archeologists and ethnographers is that
the vertically mounted looms are of much greater antiquity on the
European cultural area than the horizontal looms. In support of this
view such archeologkal findings aTe quoted ,as day weights which are
used to keep the thread of the warp drawn as well as the 'So-called
weaving swords. Also certain iconographical data are interpreted in
such a way as to support the above hypothesis. Lately it found its way
into recent research in material culture of the ancient Slavs, namely
in an attempt at a more precise determination of the period in which
horizontal looms appeared in our territory.
The world ethnographical material does not seem to confirm this
hypothesis without any qualification. Many backward peoples still use
for weaving horizontal looms which are hung without any framework
or, for the most part, with somewhat provisionally constructed frames.
These looms are of very simple construction with any destruction
resisting elements, such as clay weights, being markedly absent. Also
weaving swords are used in the looms of this type, similarly as in the
horizontal looms. Moreover, the horizontal looms are more efficient
as far as work is concerned and are more easily adapted to any improvement.
In the world perspective, horizontal looms are more frequent and
widespread than the vertical ones, a fact which can be easily seen from
the mapping out of their respective distributionareas.
The apparently
peripherical occurrence of vertical looms in the above cartogram seems
to be rather connected with economic and cultural characteristics prevailing in the areas in question.
On the other hand, any attempt at interpretation of the above fact
as represen,ting a wider phenomenon according to which archaic cultural traits tend to maintain themselves longer in cultural peripheries
than in the central areas, should be treated with great caution. Moreover, the cartographic representation of the occurrence of the two types of loom within the world perspective show that the vertical looms
occur in a much more scattered manner.
The examination of the ethnographical material makes the assumption plausible that vertical looms have been used for special purposes
such as the making of tapestry, kilims, blankets, and so on, in other
words, in the case of woven fabric with a variegated pattern. It should
also be added that the size of the woven fabric, its thickness, as well
as the quality of the yarn from which a given type of textile is made,
have also to be taken into account.
However, the origin and the diffusion of Indian vertical cotton
looms ,still remains 'an open question. There is evidence that testifies
to their great antiquity.
The specialisation in the employment of looms appears to reach
back to the distant past. As early as 2000 B. C. the textile industry
developed in Egypt which used horizontally mounted looms, though
the vertical looms were also known. Evidence is lacking whether horizontal looms were used in ancient Greece. The paintings on Greek
vases, representing women engaged in weaving with vertical looms
may refer to the making of decorative tapestry. The interpretation of
the classical and medieaval econographic material in this respect has
been onesided and uncertain.
Practical experience as well as the study of the place of weaving
and the function of looms in the cultures of agricultural tribes convince
us that horizontal looms \o"ere a much more efficient tool and better
1400
1401
satisfied the quickly rising needs for textiles. This would provide the
explanation for their rapid spread as well as the relatively high level
of constructional advancement. Can these facts be regarded as a sufficient proof of the greater antiquity'of the .horizontal loom? Hardly so.
Equally we have no evidence to prove the greater antiquity of the
vertical loom, not even on European territory. Moreover, the tablet
loom and the weaver's board, the uses of which on our territory are
confirmed by archeology, imply the horizontal stretching of the yarn
of the warp, therefore a process associated with vertical looms.
Hence, the writer's conclusion is that the theory of the greater
antiquity 'of the vertical loom cannot be maintained as certain in the
light of the existing ethnographical material.
as far as the level of development is concerned, an early medieaval
stage of cultural advancement.
Stories told by the oldest informants indicate that there were two
different types of open hearth. The first consisted of a hearth made
of stones, joined together by means of clay, which were laid on the
level of the floor, _while the second type, which was less common,
consisted of hearths elevated S::lme 0,5 m -above floor level and built
round on the outside with wood. Both types of open fire were usually
placed in the middle of the living room, and less frequently in a corner
of the room.
Towards the end of the XIXth century huts with open fires, replacing stoV€S, were very rare and could only be found among the
poorest section of the population.
TRADITIONS OF THE OPEN HEARTH IN PEASANT BUILDING
IN SOUTHERN POLAND
by Roman
TRADITIONAL
Rein fu ss
On the basis of arch,eological data one can conclude that a stove
replacing an open hearth in the peasant cottage appeared in Polish
territory as late as the XIth or even perhaps in the XIIth century.
The disappearance of the open hearth took place, above all, in
permanently inhabited dwellings, since in the shepherds' chalets in
the mountains, used for a part of the year only, open fireplaces are
common today.
In the territories, bordering with Poland from the North, East,
and South, even in the present century, cottages could be found
which, though permanently inhabited, had inside open fireplaces laid
on the floor (Lithuania, Latvia, White Russia, Northern Slovakia).
In Poland such a hearth was recorded only ance in one moutain village
situated in the vicinity of Myślenice.
However, field studies conducted in Poland at the end of the interwar period and also investigations carried out after the war showed
the tradition of the existence of living-rooms with open hearths in
peasant cottages on the territories of Southern Poland and for that
matter over a fairly large geographical area. Memories of such fires
in living quarters were recorded in the vicinity of the towns ofStaszów, Bochnia, Tarnów, Dąbrowa Tarnowska, Brzesko, Myślenice, and
Tarnobrzeg.
Thus, the information collected in the field indicates that as late
as the end of the last century these very primitive firemaking arrang··
ements existed in the territory of Southern Poland, representing,
FOOD OF THE PODHALE
PEOPLE
by Wanda Jostowa
l
I
The article discusses the diet of the Podhale people in the second
half of the XIXth century, that is in the period of early capitalism in
that part of Poland, taking into account also the role of Podhale as
a holiday district and region of tourist traffic. On the basis of his own
interviews as well as available literature, the writer describes the traditional diet of the Podhale people. The diet described had at that
time a simple, somewhat archaic character in comparison with other
provinces of Poland. This the writer associates with the stage of economic development, when the peasants had just started producing for
the market and when their farming was still to a large extent selfsufficient, both with regard to agricultural and animal production,
and could not satisfy their growing needs. Taking the edible produce as
his starting point, oats, barley, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, dairy produce, lard, and seldom eaten meat, the writer stresses the preponderance of foods of plant origin in the peasant diet.
It is pointed out that the iPodhaIe diet, though monotonous and subject to little seasonal variations as well as very simple in the manner
of preparation,
reflected nervertheless
the social differences in the
village life. The insufficiency of foodstuffs, produced on largely selfsupporting peasant farms, was expressed in "hungry months" before
harvest and other seasonal shortages during which the population returned do the traditional practice of food c::lllection.
The article is a general survey of the problem, with the main stress
laid on the utilization of edible produce.
1402
1403
SURNAMES OF THE SZCZAWNICA HIGHLANDERS
by Krystyna
way: as soon as the boys spotted the l' e lo they called him by
uttering certain special sounds, and when it came and started circling
over the scrub they entered it, killing small birds which they found
there and which were scared to flyaway with the hawk overhead. But
also the hawk took a share in the spoil, since ultimately a few small
birds would be forced to fly up and one of them at least would be
caught by the hawk, despite the presence of people armed with sticks.
What makes the case and the interpretation, as given above, particularly interesting is that similar combined hunting with w i I d birds
of prey and, what is more, taking place i n t h e s a m e l' e g i a n s,
had been already reported as a local curiosity by classical writers such
as Aristotle, Philo, and Pliny. Presumably such a co-operation between
w i l d birds of prey and human beings started at the moment when
the birds discovered that when accompanying the human beings hunting small birds and scaring them away out of the bushes they could
also get their share of the food. The thus acquired experience was
then transferred from generation to gener'ation by the sheer process
of imitation. On the other hand it is not quite clear and yet very
significant why this symbiotic hunting existed in antiquity and is
practised today only on a small section of the Balkan Peninsula, that
is only in the country situated north to the Chalcidice peninsula.
T a k a l' z
The surnames collected come from the territory of Upper Szczawnica, Lower Szczawnica and from the mountains lying in the vicinity.
Surnames are very 'common in the Sz':zawnica region. They became
necessary at that moment when the oldest local families, such as the
Węglarze, Wierciochy, Ciesieliki, Zachwieje, Malinowscy, andMastalscy
had grown and expanded laterally to such an extent that an additional
element of identification had to be adopted. The Szczawnica surnames
are characterised by a great variety, both lexical and genetic. Among
them, taking as a basis their origin, the following groups can be distinguished:
1. surnames derived from personal names,
2. surnames derived from family names,
3. surnames derived from the name of the house (certain houses
in Szczawnica have little boards with paintings and names on
them),
4. surnames noted by occupation,
5. surnames stressing a certain characteristic feature of man,
6. surnames noted by situation,
7. topographical surnames.
A list of surnames has been given in the paper. It is arranged
alphabetically according to official names, with its second criterion
being the surname, and, where information was available, providing
also the explanation of its origin.
2.
THE MEETING GROUND OF THE NATURALIST AND THE
ETHNOGRAPHER
1. Symbiotic hunting by w i l d birds of ,prey and man
2. The employment of tools by animals.
by Kazimierz M o s z Y ń s k i
L
In 1927 a Serbian ethnographer, St. Tarnović, reported a very interesting case of hunting by men in co-operation with birds which he observed in his home country in the vicinity of the settlement Gjevgjelija on the lower course of the river Wardar. It referred to the method
of catching small birds by the local shepherd boys which they did in
co-operation with w i l d birds of prey, called there r e l a (probably the
sparrow-hawk Accipiter nisus). The hunting was canried out in this
I
1
I
The cases known so far of a spontaneous acquisition of the use of
tools (in the broadest sense of the word) by animals are, except in the
case of the primates, very scanty. They extend only to the most developed Arthropoda: Hymenoptera, such us Ammophila umaria, Ammophila Heydeni, Oecophylla smaragdina, the most developed vertebrates
(birds: Camarhynchus
pallidus and probably Haliaetus vocifer), and
mammals (various species of the ape). All .the 'cases of the employment
of tools described in the paper can be divided (except that of the
ant OeC'ophylla) into the following classes:
1. striking with a heavy object resembling the action of beating
or crushing,
2. hitting or beating with a stick,
3. scratching the soil with a stick,
4. frightenin'g (or perhaps pricking) with a thorn or a twig,
5. hooking by means of various objects,
7. throwing objects.
A great variety of actions indeed, especially when we consider the
relatively small number of cases. It is due, above all, to the monkeys
who take the lion's share.
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1405
Here is another way of grouping our material, taking different criteria as a basis of our classification:
1. A primitive support of one's own body by means of a tool (the
employment of a stone by wasps of the genus Ammophila
could
also be interpreted as a primitive s u b s t i t u t i a n of a part of one's
own body with a tool, since these wasps beat the ground or the sand,
doing it also with their own heads).
2. primitive extension of an organ of a body (beak or paw) by
means of a tool.
3. primitive working by means of a tool over larger distances by
a) simply dropping it from above, b) by throwing it.
Some 'Of these 'attainments have been undoubtedly due to certain
more elementary habits. Then, as was already mentioned, the wasps
of the Ammophila genus beat the sand or the soil also with their heads.
The eagles described by Monfreid (most likely Haliaetus
vocifer)
which drop stones on men who are approaching their nests also
crush the moluscs on which they feed by dropping them from rocks
and so on.
It is worth remembering that not only human tools find their simple
counterpalfts :in the ·animal world but also various instruments,artefacts and building cO.'1structions made and used by men. These are well
known c;:tses, so it is enough to mention, in the way of example, th\:"
variegated cobwebs spun by spiders, beavers' constructions and so on.
Finally, a point worth stressing: just as the employment of a tool
by an animal may be co-extensive with the use of a part of i:s bo.dy
(the wasps of the Ammophila
genus beating sand 10,1'. SOlI WIth
a stone held between the jaws or with their heads), so also the use of
some 'other "external" 'construction of ,an animal may c·o-exist with
th~ analogous use of a part of its body. Thus, for instance, certain
spiders (for example Neuresia meridionalis), construct a separate do~r
with which they close their ground holes, while others (like CyclosomtcL
truncata) use as door a part of their abdomen which has been correspondingly shaped for the purpose.
THE IRON HOE IN PODLASIE - THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW
PLOUGHING IMPLEMENT'
by P. B u l' C h a l' d and L. D z i ę g i e l
The writers, while members of the Ethnographic Expedition organised by the State Institute of Art and led by Dr. R. Reinfuss which
conducted field studies in Western Pod lasie in the summer of 1952,
.
'
discovered a new, previously not recorded ploughing implement the iron hoe.
Two basic types of this hee were found to be in existence. The older
type (Figs. 1, 2, 3) which differed from the more modern type (Figs.
5, 6, 7) in that its metal shape (frog) (a) and handles (b) formed one
whole. Moreover, the regulator of the depth of furrow (Fig. 4) is
placed in the new type horizontally, and the so-called "sheet-iron"
(Fig. 7, 1) has been added here in order te prevent the sliding of the
soil during ploughing. It was found that individual specimens of this
hoe, produced in various localities by two generations, differ in some
minor constructional details.
The area over which these iron hoes have been intensively used has
sandy soils, and has many wet,' marshy spots. In certain respects the
iron hoes are preferable to the factory made ploughs which have been
known here for some time. Thus they offer less resistance in ploughing,
and attain better speed, estimated to be 1t/~ times greater than that of
the ordinary plough, and also they break up and pu1verise the soil
more adequately. They are unrivalled in ploughing soil infested with
couch grass or virgin land, and are handy in keeping the furrow
straight. It should be added that the above evaluation is not the outcome of the conservative outlook of its users, since modern farm
implements have 'been <known for some time on that area.
Historically speaking, the territory of the origin and use of the
iron hoe is contained within the former compact area of occurrence of
the old wooden hoe which went out of use shortly before the 1914-1918
war. Modern ploughs, scanty at first, and made only partially of iron,
began to appear in the last decades of the XIXth century.
It is thus probable that the iron hoe originated by the crossing of
the old wooden hoe with the early blacksmith's iron plough, though
nothingis
known about the circumstances of this development. It
seems that the ploughs with cut mouldboard, known from the Kurpie
territory and East Prussia, had no influence upon the development of
the iron hoe. Also it is quite certain that the so-called Foltyn's mouldboard (Fig. 10) did not have any effect in this respect, which in fact
was constructed in the period between the two world wars.
The writers were able to discover that the first iron hoes had
appeared prior to 1900, most likely in the village of Sadowne and its
closest neighbourhood. The local German blacksmith colonists were
regarded for some time as being the most skilled makers of them,
though the Polish blacksmiths were said to make them too. Their
diffusion was associated with the migrations of the blacksmiths who
mO\Tedto new places, but they were also spread by the apprentices
1406
1407
who learned to make the hoes with their original producers, and afterwards opened their own workshops in new localities.
Thus the process of the expansion of the iron hoe was relatively
slow, in fact, it is still taking place, especially over the territories where
the particular soil conditions and the ne'2essity of ploughing wet soil
make its employment almost indispensable. The iron hoes were found
to be in use not so much with the richest peasants but mostly with
those who were the keenest agriculturalists. Cases are also on record
that the owners of ordinary iron ploughs asked the local blacksmith
to remake them into iron hoes.
It was thus seen that the local producers combined here all the best
features of the old wooden hoe with the new constructional elements
of the factory made tool. It is to be hoped that these popular experiences, obtained locally, will become, after due technical studies and
trials, of some avail in the factory production of this new farm implement.
HOW TO ARRANGE FOLK-POETRY FOR PUBLICATION
(Suggestions for fixing the spelling)
by Zenon S a b i e l' a j s k i
Folklore material, such as folk-songs and poetry, legends, tales, and
various stories connected with the countryside should be published in
their original country language. It would be impossible to speak about
the authentic country language unless due attention had been given
to its phonological features, since it is the pronunciation that most
strikes all those who are a'ccustomed to the standard Polish. It is,
however, difficult to achieve this by using only the letters of the general alphabet, as in several dialects there are sounds which do not appear
in the literary language and therefore there is no letter for them in
the alphabet. This is chiefly the case of nasal vowels, that is nasal
a , u , y , i, which do not occur in the literary Polish which only has
nasalo, written ą, and nasal e, written ę.
In fixing the principles of an adjusted phonetic spelling for wider
use, the following general guiding principles should be observed:
1. The consideration of living phonological tendencies of the Polish language,
2. The pJssibHity of application of such a transcription
to all
Polish dialects,
3. The preservation of the continuity with the tradition of Polish
spelling,
1
i
I
I
••
4. The popularisation of the folk-language among the widest masses of readers.
Thus the postulate stated under 1. was, for example, taken into
account by choosing a. small "to denote the labial element present in
the pronunciation of vowels, as, for instance, in the words "aka, (eye)
"ucho, (ear), pto"k (bird). For the spelling loko, lucho, ptolk, it is
argued, would be impractical since in the standard and somewhat
elaborate stage-pronunciation l is pronounced as a front dental consonant. Further reason why the letter l should not be used to denote
a labial sound is contained in 2., since the spelling loko, lucho, ptolk
could only be applied in those dialects where the front dental l does
not occur.
The postulate expressed under 3., which referred to the preservation of the traditional link with the older Polish spelling habit, led the
writer to adopt special diacritical marks ą, Il, i,!f to express nasa1'isation of the vowels in question. Under the circumstances the introduction of letter combinations consistingofan open vowel + nasal C01l1sonant as, e. g. a + n {kans = kęs (a bite, morseD), u + n gunska =
gąska (little goose)) would disagree with Polish spelling habits which
since the XIVth century uses special orthographic symbols to denote
nasalisation.
The fourth principle, postulating the widest possiblepopularisation
.of folklore among the masses, is realised in adopting the simplest
possible system of phonetic transcription, even at the expense of certain phonological subtleties. It follows, therefore, that the spelling of
the literary 'Polish, however phonetically imperfect, should be adopted
in all those cases when the popular pronunciation does not substantially differ f;oom that of the standard Polish. Thus, for example, we
should write dąb, dębu, though we all pronounce damp, dembu, or again
trzeba, babka, etc. though we pronounce them equally in standard
Polish as in dialect tszeba, bapka, and so forth. Folk literature should
be simple and comprehensible to all. It should not be too elaborate in
stressing the articulation habit peculiar to a given regional dialect, in
order not to discourage the general reader who is, after all, accustomed
to standard literary spelling.
The artide "How to arrange folk-poetry for publication" represents
the first attempt of its kind in Poland and suggests a new method of
the introduction of such a compromised phonetic spelling which could
embrace all dialectic varieties. It is meant not so much for professional
linguists, but, above all, for students of ethnography, fdklore, and musicology, that is all those who are interested in collecting folk art and
literature, and also it may become useful for professional writers.
89
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1408
THE MONOGRAPHS OF PEASANT COSTUME
OF THEORY AND METHOD.
INDEXING INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERIODICALS AND MORE
IMPORTANT ETHNOGRAPHIC WORKS
SOME POINTS
by Józef G a j e k
by Józef G a j e k
The Polish Ethnographical Society, initiating investigations concerning the Polish Ethnographical Atlas and regional monographs which
are in some measure intended to be a modern reedition of Oskar Kolberg's works, has to face a lot of difficulties in gathering systematically the scattered data concerning folk culture. Because of the very
imperfect ethnographic bibliographies and the lack of indexes in ethnographic, topographic and regional periodicals containing ethnographical materials, there arise numerous difficulties in giving a synthetic
elaboration of Polish Ethnography. This gap is partly filled out by
J. Karłowicz's DictionaTY of Polish Provinciałisms, but it is far from
being sufficient for the purpose of Ethnography, as it does not contain
the recent literature but only lexical material, i. e. strictly expressional
words, and it takes no care of those facts which have no lexical cover.
Taking this situation into account, the Polish Ethnographical Society began indexing periodicals and more important ethnographic
works, the list of which is :to be found in Chapter III. The performance
of this action being an introductive work for the preparation of an
Encyclopedia of Polish Folk Culture.
Several centres have been charged with the task of preparing the
index, which makes us fear that the work will be done in different
ways according to the conviction and understanding of the respective
authors. These divergences may be partly, avoided by:
I-a ,common frame-work instruction,
2-a choice of suitable persons as officially responsible authors of
the index.
The instruction contains the following chapters: Chapter I. Introduction. Chapter II. Organisation principles of indexing. Chapter III.
Scheme of the index. Chapter IV. Introductory works for index - first
phase. Chapter V. Second phase - arrangement of material. Chapter
VI. Third phase - the composing of collective cards. Chapter VII. Synthetic words and their list. Chapter VIII. Organisation of the ethnographic part of the index. Chapter IX. Index of names. Chapter X.
Index of authors. Chapter XI. Index of periodicals. Chapter XII. List
of scientific institutions. Chapter XIII. List of illustrations. Chapter
XIV. List of the most important periodicals and ethnographic works
destined to be indexed. Chapter XV. Abbreviations of names, periodIcals and scientific institutIons.
With the experience gained after the publication of the first six
volumes of Monog'1'aphs of Peasant Costume in Poland (Atlas Strojów
Ludowych) the writer, who is the editor-in-chief of the series, summarises briefly pastachievements
and also points out the inadequacies
and shortcomings of the already published monog'raphs. He urgens the
necessity of broadening the so far accepted plan of such a monograph,
by showing in greater detail what was specific in a peasant costume,
what made it different from similar costumes of the neighbouring
groups, both in the past and, where the peasant dress is still in use,
at present. He also urges Hie paying of greater attention to the social
side of the dress, by pushing the investigations in the field to the type
of dress and the occa,sion on which it was worn (festive dress, ceremonial, representative, work dress, seasonal, etc.). It is necessary to
include to a greater degree than was done by most writers the social
background of thecommunity
where the dress was in use, stressing
the social stratification and the class aspects of the costume worn by
various groups within a village. Such an analysis must always be historical which is a condition sine quaof any truly scientific analysis.
THE TASKS OF ETHNOGRAPHICAL ATLAS
by Gerard L a b u d a
•
l
In connection with the preparation of the Polish Ethnographical
Atlasa discussion W,tS recently started the aim of which was to review
the basic epistemologicaland
methodological objectives of such
a publication. The article is the writer's contribution to it (he refers
in particular to the papers of J. Gajek and M. Frankowska), in which
he raises some methodological questions resulting from the application
of the geographical (cartographic) method to social history in general
and the history of material culture in particular.
The geographical method was for the first time introduced to
ethnography by F. R a t z e l. But Ratzel went no further than to establish spatial relations betweenethnographic
facts distributed over wide
terri-tOTies and to specify these facts from wider territorial complexes
against the background of larger territorial units. It was left to
W. ,p e s s l e r,and A. H e t t n e r to make the important step forward
of urging that every phenomenon should be not only examined spa89'
1411
tially, but also in close connection with its geophysical setting. As
Pessler put it, "no distribution is possible without being strongly
affected by the earth on which it takes place". And this relationship
Pessler viewed deterministically.
In e x a m i n i n g c·r i t i c a 11 y Pessler's view the writer stresses
that the spatial character is one of the geographical features but by no
means an essential one. For, as he argues, a spatial distributionof
a phenomenon does not necessarily mean the fixing of its oonnection
with a geophysical or sociogeographical setting. Hence it is necessary
to distinguish thec a r t a g r a p h i c method from the g e o g If a p h i ca l
method. The first places facts in space, thesecond, in addition, also
pointsout and interprets their oonnection with the geographical environment.
Passing now to the discussion of the ethnographical
atlas, the
writer stresses that the methods used in a standard geographical atlas,
that is the mere application of the cartographic method, would not
be sufficient for the examination of ethnogr-aphic facts, since a mere
spatial distribution of data does not provide a wide enough basis for
a further interpretation. It would, as he puts it, place the process of
scientific analysis in mid-air before it could reach the final point of
scientific synthesis, which in this case consists of a causal and dialectical €xplanation of every ethnographic fact against the full process
of social development. Also the geographical method, which seeks to
establish relations between ethnographic facts and the geographical
environment, cannot be nowadays regarded as sufficient. It must
be supported by the postulate that ethnographic facts should be at
the same time treated historically. With reference to the ethnographic
atlas this method can be described as h i s t o r i c ,o- g e a grap h i c a 1.
This method, if realised, will supply the student with material necessary for the interpretation of the ethnographic facts against the background of the full social process. In the following parts of his work
the writer elaborates the general principles on which the ethnographical atlas should be based.
Ethnography, according to the writer, does not embrace the entirety of human life. In order to examine in a co-rrect way the {)rigin,
developmentand
decay of any ethnographic fact it must draw information from other sciences of society and its material culture. Had
it been the aim of an ethnographical atlas to develop a full documental basis in line with the above scheme of research, such an atlas
would have to include other aspects such as the geographical setting.
technology, production, demography, transport and communication,
and trade. Moreover, it would have also to .include a number of most
important social and political facts (such as the origin and development
of property, political frontiers) as well as cultural and spiritual entities. The realisation of such a concept of an ethnographical atlas would
neither be practical nor possible. Hence the necessity of a narrower
conception of an atlas which would aim at 'securing a closer co-operation between the linguists and geographersand
various specialists of
the historical sciences. Finally, the writer urges that it is necessary
to evolve as quickly as possible a conception ofan atlas ,acceptable
to the representatives
of the above mentioned scientific disciplines.
THE USE OF QUESTIONAIRES IN SWEDISH ETHNOGRAPHY
by Alfred
i
ę
Z arę b a
The article discusses the methods of collecting ethnographic material in Sweden by means of questionnaires despatched to amateur
investigators recruited from the local country population. Nowadays
this method is widely applied by the Folk Culture Archives, attached
to certain museums (Nordiska Museet in Stockholm) and to the principal universities (Lund, Uppsala, G6teborg).
Such methods of collecting material have been long established in
Sweden and have their histOlry 1. First attemptsof
obtaining informat10n directly from people hadalready
been made in the XVlth
century and they were henceforward gradually extended and perfected. For some time they g,ave no satisfactory results owing to the
l&ck of adequately compiled questionnaires (at first general proclamations to the population were used). But even after the first proper
questionnaires
hadbeen
invented and applied by Lefr€n in the
beginning of the XIXth century, by Mannhardt in the second half
of the XIXth century, ,and by Hammal~sted,t in the early XXth century)
no satisfactory results were I)btained. This, as is now known, wal>
primarily due to the application of a wrong system of addressing the
intermediary groups (such as the clergy, state administrators, teachers)
instead of the people direct. This mistake was corrected toward3 the
end of the XIXth century when direct contacts were established with
the local population, and among them, with the amateur ethnographers in the first place, which made the resultsobta.ined
mU'2h more
satisfactory.
Since the beginning of the XXth century the methods of this work
became more precise and its organization was greatly improved. The
1
Described
Stocliliolm.
by M. Rehnberg, FOTskarna
bland
fo/ket,
Fataburen, 1947,
1412
work is now conducted centrally covering the whole territory of
Sweden by the Archives attached to the Nordiska Museet along the
following three main lines:
1. The compilation of easy, cleary arranged and not overburdened
questionnaires
(here the important methodological principle is the
division of large problems or groups of problems into several separate
questionnaires instead of putting them into one bulky questionnaire
and the proper balancing of problems by splitting them into main and
subsidiary questions, the latter being always of a more concrete
character).
2. The proper selection of permanent informants, of which there
are at present over 400 all over the country, representing various
occupations (the largest group being agriculturalists), and age groups
(from roughly 30 to 85 and over).
3. The maintenance of close contact between the popular investigators by providing them regularly with questionnaires, paying honoraria, arranging meetings and shoQ"ttraining courses 'in the capital,
and forwarding
to them regularly
monthly bulletins containing
summaries
of the latest results
of ethnographic
investigations
(Meddelanden
friln Etnologiska
underskoningen),
and also containing
news and reports on current events, activities of the Nordic Museum,
and also including practical advice as to how to collect and take down
the data in the field.
Independently of the action of collecting ethnographic materials
by means of regular correspondents, as described above, the Nordic
Museum also conducts research on a mass scale by arranging popular
prize contests through the medium of the radio. In one of these prize
contests which referred to children's games and toys, some 1500-children from all over the territory of Sweden participated.
The action of collecting ethnographic material by questionnaires
sent away into the field, if well organised and systematically carried
out, can yield very good results; it is estimated that the materials
so far collected by the Stockholm Archives amount to over a million
pages of descriptions, several thousands of drawings, and some three
hundred thousand photographs, constituting the largest ethnographic
collection of its kind in Europe.
Other Swedish archives (local archives in Lund, Upsala, Goteborg)
conduct similar investigations and also report good results.
The collection of ethnographic material by correspondence is also
carried out in other Scandinavian countries, in Denmark, Norway,
and Finland.
II. REVIEWS
AND
REPORTS
(Fm' the List of Book and Articles 'I'eviewed in this Volume see Polish
Contents p. 2)
III.
MUSEUMS
ACHIEVEMENTS OF SOVIET MUSEOLOGY
by Maria F I' a n k a w s k a
,.
I
,
,,
<.
In the opening part of the paper the writer discusses the basic
assumptions of Soviet museology. She stresses in particular the fundamental problem of the museum, the Marxist type of exbibition, its
character, and peculiarities. By specially organised exhibitions, proper
exposition of their exhibits, and their correct interpretation,
Soviet
museums meet the most topical problems and social requirements,
sharing in the great work of building socialism in the country.
Next the writer discusses the history of the main ethonographical
museums in the U. S. S. R., which have their centre in Leningrad the Miklucho-Maklay Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of
the Academy of Sciences USSR,and
the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR.
Special attention has been paid to the changes and transformation
resulting from the Great Oc~ober Revolution. This was expressed in
the complete reshuffling of the collections, reorganisation
of the
museum departments,
a tendency towards frequent opening of
tEmporary exhibitions concerned with special questions, as well as in
the creation of wider service of educational work for the masses and
in the adopting of new lines of truly scientific research. In discussing
these questions the writer shows how these new progressive aims
Clnd methods of work have gone hand in hand with the reorganisation
and new objectives of Soviet Ethnography after the October Revolution.
The assumptions and achievements of Soviet Ethnography have
always found their reflection in the theoretical
formulations of the
1414
1415
leading Soviet museologists and ethnographers, such as, above all,
E. Nilshteyn and L. Potapov, as well as in the museum practice. Thus,
during various ethnographic conferences much attenti.cn was paid to
museum problems, especially to their new role in a socialist community. In these two main postulates of modern Soviet ethnography
clearlyemerged:
the necessity of placing full stress not so much on
relkt forms but on the study of present day cultural realities and the
life of the contemporary village: and in the second place, the adopting
of a new approach to the question of colonial peoples.
one of the methods of conducting extra-mural
education for the
masses - a line along which much is being done in the Soviet Union.
The article closes with a brief survey of the principal methods
and media of achieving the above objectives. In this connection, some
expositions have been discussed in greater detail, in particular those
organised by the two leading Soviet ethnographic museums, such as
the exhibition "Life and culture of the Ossetic peoples", "The peoples
of Northern Caucasus", "The Volga peoples", as well as the exhibition
picturing the life of the peoples of the North - the Nence and Evenka
peoples, organised by the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples
of USSR.
Among the exhibitions organised by the Museum of Anthropology
and Ethnography, the writer described somewhat more closely two
expositions, "Life and culture of the peoples of India", and the
exhibition "Indonesia",
This new attitude, as far the museums are concerned, should find
its expression in the correct interpretation of contemporary realities
of the culture of a given people and their emancipatory movements,
and not only indulge in primitivism. In this, it is urged, the Soviet
museologists must follow the theoretical framework of the classical
Marxist and Leninist works, and especially those of St-alin. In this
they should find ideological guiding principles determining
the
manner of exposition.
Ethnography, according to the Soviet scholars, studies specific
traits of the lifeof every people, and in particular those traits which
distinguish one people from another and which, in Stalin's words,
form "a contribution which every nation brings into the treasury of
world culture, in this way completing and enriching that world
culture".
In line with the principle stated above the task of ethnographic
exposition is to picture a culture and a mode of life of a given people,
stressing its truly national characteristics which distinguish it from
other peoples. And this must always be done withina full historical
context.
SCANDINAVIAN MUSEUMS
•
';
Another principle generally observed in the Soviet ethnographic
museography is, when dealing with the peoples inhabiting the territories of the USSR, to draw the line between their status in prerevolutionary
time and their present-day
position of a socialist
community, on the way toward a higher stage, that of communism.
It is also a rule strictly observed by the Soviet museographyto
stress class differences obtaining among the peoples inhabiting the
pre-Revolution Russian Empire. This is achieved by a corresponding
class determination of the exhibits as well as by properly selected
textual and illustrative material.
The writer also draws attention to the importance of ethnographic
exhibition in geographical and regional museums of which there area good number in the USSR. Here the work of the museum represents
••
by Alfred Z arę b a
The article, which deals with certain aspects of Scandinavian
museums, has been divided into three parts. In Part 1. the writer
discusses ethnographic museums, archives, general museums, and
open-air museums; in Part 2. the problemsof
exhibition and popularisation of the collections; and in Part 3. the organisation of the
Scandinavian museums.
1. It should be stressed that the archives and the scientific institutes attached to universities or museums collect material (not exhibits) referring to material culture and folklore. In this certain specialisation obtains, whether on a regional basis or on that of a special
problem (for example, the Folklivsarkivet
in Lund is preoccupied
with the study of the material culture of Southern Sweden, Folkminnesarkivet
in Goteborg of other than material aspects of the
culture of South-western Sweden). The scope of specialisation and
fields of research are centrally co-ordinated by all institutes. Research
covering the entire territory of Sweden is conducted by the Archives
attached to the Nordiska Museet in Stockholm. The material is collected either by research workers associated with the above Archives
or by part-time workers interested in that field of research who are
however given a special training by the Institute for this task. The
1416
organisation of scientific research in the remammg Scandinavian
countries issimilar (e. g. Norsk Etnologisk Gransking in Oslo).
The Scandinavian countries have a great number of museums of
various types, most of which were founded at the end of the XIXth
and the beginning of the XXth centuries, with the avowed object
of the preservation of folk-culture threatened by the progress of industrialisation. This action was conduced by various associations grouping all those who were attached to indigenous folk-culture and spiritual and moral values derived from it (e. g. the pan-Swedish Hembygdsforening
which began to establish regional museums all over the
country (today Sweden possesses 800 such museums),
Scandinavia is also the cradle of open-air museums (Swedish
friluftsmuseum,
Danish .and Norwegian frilandsmuseet)
which have
originated here. The first large scale museum of this type was Skansen, forming a part of the Nordiska
Museet in Stockholm. It was
founded by A. Haselius in 1891. In order to provide a true illustration
of folk-culture Haselius gradually collected objects from all over
Sweden at Skansen. The buildings thus grouped at Skansen and in
other museums of this type, e. g. in the North Swedish Kulturen
(Lund), at Sorgenfri, near Copenhagen, or at Bygdy, in the vicinity
of Oslo, are in most cases authentic objects, brought, together with
their original interiors, often from remote parts of the country, to
the museum grounds. Only a small proportion of the exhibits are
reconstructions
or repHcas. Smaller regional museums have sometimes in their grounds original objects which have always stood on
the spot (as, for instance, in the Kulturen, Lund). Scandinavian openair museums are not only limited to the countryside and its culture,
but often their exhibits depict the culture of the towns. Thus Skansen and the Kulturen
have over their area special sections devoted
to urban civilisati.on, while in Aarhus in Denmark there is a special
town museum (Den gamle By).
One of the most important problems of the open-air museums
is the preserva1ion of the authentic, natural character of their exhibits, as well as their conservation. The principle obtains that the
objects transferred to the museum grounds should not be reconstructed, and that all the natural and topographical characteristics should
be preserved. When certain reconstruction works are necessary, special attention is paid so that the right material should be used and
the authentic character of the exhibit not spoiled. The effect of naturalness is obtained by the grouping together of objects from the
same regions, by the separation of the exhibited buildings with trees,
by choosing the right plants and vegetation. The realistic character
1417
l
l-
I,
4
I
I
4
I
of an open-air museum is further enhanced by the introduction of
pecple, for instance the ruralor
urban craftsmen in local costumes
who at their workshops produce objects of peasant art and craft.
Also in the museum grounds various theatricals, shows, and folk
dance festivals are organised as well as reCitals of folk music, certain
fetes, such as e. g. one midsommar,
Midsummer night on June 24th,
are celebrated.
The principle of conservation is that buildings forming the exhibits, after previously being safeguarded ag~inst possibl~ destructio~
by bark beetles ,and mould, are placed on ra1Sed ~OUn?atlOns.made o.
concrete while the maintenance of interiors consists m keepmg even
temperatures and other conserving practices.
.
.
2. The educational and popularisa.tion work of the ScandmavIan
museums consists not only in securing the widest access to the museum treasures, by drafting informative yet clearly written captions
and explanatory notes by experts, -of organising scientific lectures
by the museum staffs, but also in regular co-operation with schools.
Larger Scandinavian museums have teachers on their staff who conduct regular classes for school childern in the museums which are
a regular feature of school curricula.
But the educational activities of museums ·are not limited to young
peopleof schoolage. Interest in the exhibits, especially ethnographical,
isalso roused by systematic encouragement of village ,arts and crafts,
as well as by means of the museum extension work among wider
sections of the adult community. Here, an important factor is the
general atractivenessof
museums, especially of the Skansen type,
which on the whole are well frequented.
3. Scandinavian
museums are either private institutions
(i. e.
belonging to various voluntary societies), or are communally owned,
or else they are institutions run by the State.
The museum workers of individual Scandinavian countries are
associated in professional organisations of museum workers, which are .
separate in individual Scandinavian countries. Since 1913, ~owe:rer,
a pan-Scandinavian
Association of Museum Workers (Sk~ndtnavt~7<:a
Museifobundet)
has been in existence, which groups Swedish, Damsh,
Norwegian, Icelandic and Finnish museum workers. The Associa~ion
organises regular meetings of the delegates of each country, fIxes
programmes of action, publication of scientific pape:s, .arrangement
of the exhibitions and the like. It runs its own perIodIcal Norden.~
Museer which gives a brief chronicle of the activities, attainments,
and the plans of museums in particular countries.
(For the remaining
accounts see English Contents p. 1420)
1418
IV. CURRENT
EVENTS
THE EXHIBITIONS
OF FOLK ART IN POLAND, 1950-1952.
by K. P i e t k i e w i c z
CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
The article briefly summarises the activities of the Department
of Folk Art of the Ministry of Culture and Art. Within the period
under review the Department, aided by various local and territorial
associations, organised in larger and smaller towns, and even in some
cases in villages, 27 exhibitions of folk art, 8 travelling exhibittons,
and 1~ prize contests.
The writer stresses the considerable activisation and development
in thiŚ field in the new democratic Poland. Also the artistic level has
improved, which is noticeable in such branches of popular art as pottery, weaving, embroidery,
lace-marking, paper-cuttings,
painting,
and sculpture. A resuscitation of peasantcostumes
took place, which
are now more and more used by numerous folk song and dance teams.
The aid of the State in the field of folk art increased, taking the
form of bursaries, prizes, and providing trained instructors. In this
way much of the latent talent 'could be discerned and directed for
proper training. In 1950 alone 505 prizes were given from state funds
at various exhibitions and prize contests.
In addition to exhibitions organised in the country, the exhibits
of Polish popular art were <shown in 1950-51 in Hungary, Austria,
Denmark, Sweden, and Finland.
OBITUARY:
Professor Franciszek Bujak
Profesor Adolf Eustachy Chybiń:ski
Jadwiga Chełmińska-Św:iątkowska
1.
•
I
The problems connected with various aspects of popular art in
Polandare
discussed in a monthly ,,:Polish Folk Art", published by
the State Institute of Art.
(For the remaining
accounts see English Oontents p.
1421)
1
l
1
Articles
Tadeusz W rób l e w s k i, Soviet ethnography. an~ ~he problem of
ethnogeny in the light of Stalin's work .on llng:UlStlCS .
Jerzy K u Ie z y c k i, The theory of .matrIarchy tn the work of Soviet ethnographers and archeologIstS.
•
.
.
.
.
.
Kazimierz M a s z y ń s k i, The Neuri of Herodotus .
.
. . .
Tadeusz M i l e w s k i, Tribal mentality and grammatical. categor~es.
{A study of the gender system in certain Nor,th American IndIan
languages).
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
'.
Jan C z e k a n a w s k i, Synthetic sketches .of V. Klparsky .
Józef G a je k, Retrospective method in Pohsh ethnography.
Rvszard G a n s i n i e c, Crystallomancy.
..
.
Waler:an S a b i s ia k, Housing ,and mova:ble propertyon the estates
belonging to the Poznań diocese in. the XVIIth and XVIIIth cenJÓz~~r~~; s z t a, The p~obl~m of "N~wsi~" in' the' vill~ge s~ttle~e~t
Jan Piotr D e k a w s k i, SmalI towns in the Óiis,trictof Opoczno m
the past
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
Woiciech H e j n a s z, ."p a t r y a" - li note on same methods of
passing news over distance.
.
,
'.
.
.
.
. h
Zygmunt K a l a n k a w s k i, The forest badge In the Iłża district. t e
Province of Kielce.
.
.
,
.
,
,
. , ..
Józef B u r s z t a The forest badge from the area of WyszKoW
Bohdan B a r a n'o w s k i, Sheepowners' Courts in Western Poland at
the end of the XVIIIth century
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Zygmunt K o l a n k a w s k i, Sheepowners' Court in the Płock area at
the end of the XVIIlth century.
'.'
,
,
.
, ..;
Adam Henryk K a l e t k a, Some case studIes of th.e Sheepowner~
Court activity in the XVIIth and XVIIlth. centur1e~
.
IIth
Józef B r a d a, .Peasant sawmills in the ZywIec area In the XV
and XVIIlth centuries
.
Western KUl'aw" from the
Czesław Ł u c z a k, Country mi 11s ~n
XVlth century up to the present tIme.
J
36
66
134
153
183
242
257
340
439
499
511
518
530
538
546
552
555
583
1420
1421
Michał Pęk a l s k i, Land measures at Urzędów .
Longin M a l i c ki. Cloth printing in Silesia.
.
Mal'ian G a t k i e w i c z, The linen dealers of Orava.
"
Marian G a t k i e w i 'e z, The linen industry and trade in Chochołów
Adam G l a P a,Peasant
costumes in tai:ors' guild books
Tadeusz S e w e l' y n, Ethnographic
iconography
Józef K os t l' Z e w s k i, When did the horizontal
100m appeal' in
Poland?
Tadeusz W rób l e w s k i, The geographical
distribution
of vertical
and horizontal
looms
.
.
Roman R e i n f u s s, Open hearth traditions
in the peasant housIng
of Southern Poland..
.....
Wanda J a s t a w a, Traditional ·food of the Podhale people
.
Krystyna T a k a l' z Ó w n a., Surnames of the Szczawnica Highlanders
Kazimierz M o s z y ń s k i, The meeting ,ground of the naturalist and
the ethnographer
.
.
.
Przemysław
B u l' C h a r d and Leszek D z i ę g i e l, The iron hoe in
Podlasie - the discovery of a new ploughing implement
.
.
Zenon S a b i e l' a } s k i, How to arrange folk-poetry
for publication.
(Suggestions for :fiixing the spelling)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Józef G a j e k, Instruction for indexing periodicals and more important ethnographic
works.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,Józef G a j e k, The monographs
of peasant costume - some points
of theory and method
.
.
.
.
.
Roman R e i n f us s, iI:nstruction concerning illustrative
material for
the Atlas of Peasant Costumes
.
Gerard L a b u d a, The tasks of an Ethnographical
Atlas
.
.
.
Alfred Z a l' ę b a, The use of questionnaires
in Swedish ethnography
Page
Page
611
613
626
635
639
647
667
677
'"
Franciszek .K o t u l a. Re tP a r t on the activity of the Museum in
Rzeszów
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Janusz O p t a ł a w i c z, Report on the activity of the Ethnographlc
Sectrion of the Lublin ,Museum
Kazimierz G a t t f l' i ed, The Museum in Jarosław.
Krzysztof Wal s k i, The Museum in Przemyśl
S. S t e f a ń s k i, The Museum in Sanok - the Exhibition of Folk
Art of the SanokProvince.
.
.
.
Jan Piotr D e k a w s k i, The Museum 3't Tomaszów Mazowiecki.
746
755
767
797
806
808
823
IV. C u r l' e n t
II. R e v i e w s a n d
1952).
(Anna
Kowalska-Lewicka)
.
.
.
.
.
.
1198
1209
1216
1219
1225
1229
.
Flizak)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Report on ·the activities of the Sudeten Branch of the P. T. L. m
.Jelenia Góra, 1953. (Seweryn Gersten).
.
..
.
Report on the activities of the Silesian Branch o,f the P. T. L. 1953.
R e p a l' t s
in this Volume see
(Maria
Suboczowa).
.
Report on the activities
(Halina
Report
1106
1134
1164
1166
Taige).
.
Swieży)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Branch
.
Antoniewiczowa).
(Helena
Przeslawska)
Polish Ethnological
1178
P. T.' L..' Report
of Agriculture
1953. (O G.)
G)
.
..
.
.
.
.
proceeding
in the
.
.
.
.
of the P. T. L. 1953.
.
Branch
:
.
.
of the P. T. L. 1953.
.
.'
.
.
,. .
.
ArchIVe SectIOn of the P. T. L.
.
.
.'
Society (P. T. L.). Report on F le1d StudIes
.'
111
1242
1245
1246
1248
1250
1253
..
of the P. T. L. 1953.
...
of the Toruń
1236
1251
.
of the P. T. L 1953
of the LubNn Branch
(Kalina
1176
.
of the P. T. L. 1949-
of the Łódź Branch
on theactivities
on work
.
of the P. T. L. 1953.
Zawistowicz-Adam.ska).
Report
1183
.
Blaszczyk)
1171
(O
.
Branch
of the Poznań
on the activities
(Janusz
Report
.
Branch
.....
on the alctivities
(Kazimiera
Report
.
of the Poznań
on the activities
(Stanislaw
Report
.
of the Wrocław
Bittner)
1952. (Helena
Museums
Maria F l' a n k a w s'k a, Achievements
of Soviet Museology
Alfred Z a l' ę b a, Scandinavian
Museums.
Jan M a n u g i e w i c z, .Folk Culture ,Museum, Warsaw .
Janina K l' a j e w s ka, Report on activities of the Ethnographical
Museum, Łódź.
.
.
.
.
.
MaTia Z·n a m i e l' a w s k a - P l' li ff e r a wa, Ethnographic
Section
of the Pommeranian
Museum, Toruń .
Ryszard Kuk i e 1', Exhibition of Peasant Costumes from Northern
Poland in the Pommeranian
Museum in Toruń .
'.
Stanislaw
B l a s z c z y k, Report on the activity
of the National
Museum, Poznań, Section of Folk Art and Culture .
Aifons K a wal s k i, Report on the activi·ty of the Museum in Międzyrzecze
E ven ts
Report on the activities
of the Cracow Branch of the P. T. L.
June 1.st 1953 - June 1st 1954. ·(Anna Kowalska-LeWlcka)
.
.
Report on the activities of the P. T. L. Branch at Mszana Dolna, 1953.
Report on the activities
III.
1193
1195
Kazimierz P ,ie t k i e w i c z, Exhibitions
and Prize Contests of Folk
Art organised by the Ministry of Cultureand
Art in 1950, 1951
Kazimierz P i e t k i e w i c z, Exhibitions
and 'Prize Contests of Folk
Art organised by the Ministry of Culture and Art in .1952
.
Extracts from the Minutes of the XXVth General MeetIng of the
P. T. L. (O. G.).
.
.
.
.
.
Minutes of the XXVIlh Genera,l Meeting of 'the P. T. L; (O. G.) .
Minutes of the XXVIIth General Meeting of the P. T. L. (~. G.)
Extracts from the Minutes of the XXVIIlth General Meetmg of the
P. T. L. (O. G.)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
Report on the activities of the Cracow Branch of the P. T. L (1948·-
(Sebastian
(for the List of Books and Articles reviewed
Polish Contens p. 2).
1188
1189
1190
I
699
703
728
736
1184
1254
1255
1256
.
1258
.
1259
1952
on a Co~ference o~ the methods of ~~eld Studi;,
and A'l1lmal Breedmg held on May 9 , and 10 .
1268
1422
Page
Report on the work in progress on the Polish Ethnographical
Atlas.
1947-1953. (Zofia Staszczakówna)
.
"Polish Acadamy of Sciences (PAN), Report on Activities and Works",
I, 1-2, Warsaw 1953. (O. G.) .
.
"The Quarterly
of the History of Material
Culture",
I, 1-2,
(In
Polish with Russian and English Summaries), Warsaw 1953. (O. G.)
Planned
publication
to celebrate
the anniversary
of the work of
Oskar Kolberg .
1280
1284
INDEKS
1284
A
1285
AbLos (j. gr.), flet
V. Va ri a
Russian Summaries
English Summaries
.
Index Subjects, Ethnographic
Terms, Names, List of Scientific
Institutions,
Periodicals
and Publications,
Illustrations
quoted in
.,LUD", Vol. XLI. (O. G.)
1287
1359
1423
RZECZOWY *
B
836
Baba Jaga
Albańskie
roboty ręczne 941-953
Alkie·rz 421, 425
Amazonki 80, 84, 85, 129
Ameryk,
narz. do orania 751, 752
AmmophiLa
urnaria,
osy 74Q-745
Amulety 264, 271
Analiza jęz. Indian półn. Am.
153-182
Ankieta w spr. gier. lud. 34
Animizm 838
Antropogeneza
101, 118, 811, 838
Antropol'O·gia 184. 833, 838, 873, 87'5,
940, 941
-
etniczna 1010, 1011
wóz dwukołowy
838
Archeologia
839
Archiwa
etnO'graficzne
s'kandynawskie 113'5-1137
- szwedzkie 823-829
Arenda, karczma 405
Arfa do oczyszczania
zboża 351
Arithmomantia
271
Astrologia 271
Asymilacja językowa 42
- kulturowa
56
Arba,
AtaLykat
Auł
83'9, 8£7
851
Austerie
366, 419
Austral.
bębny,
AwunkuLat
836
Avesta
trąby
980,981
836
., Kursywą
dol<umentów.
90
słupy,
66. 67, 73, 74, 75, 86, 107,
oznaczono
wyrazy
gwarowe
Babka
Babka
839
do klepania
ognia 853
350
Babie
uszy,
grzyby,
HeveHa 717
piestrzenica,
Badania antropologiczne
186, 193
- ekonomiki
gospodarstw
chłopskich 19
etnogenetyczne
37, 38, 41, 46, 243,
244, 252, 2'55, 851, 879
et;nografkzne
34-37,
54, 243-249.
251, 55:5, 849, 881, 1259-1280
- etno angielskie
997
_.- etno ·cze:;;kie 936, 937
_. etno fińskie 183
- etno radzieckie 851, 871, 887, 888
-- etno szwedz'kie 823, 830
- geneonimiczne
245
- genetyczne
83
- heraldyczne
259
Badanie kultury 40
Badania nad muzyką ludową 31
- n. osadnictwem
439-498
- n. sztu.ką lud. 74·6, 919, 920,
1070-1094
-
n. zabudowaniami
340-438
Bajda7'y, łodzie 49
Baje (j. turk.) władcy 839, 848
3alaban, instrument
muz. 839
BaLalajka, instrument
muz. 839
św. Barbara, opieko rybaków 661
Barć 519-524
lub
zaczerpnięte
z jęz.
obcych,
wzgL
1424
Bardo,
,:;zęść krosna
Barsc
7'07
672
Bartnictwo 518-537
- na Łużycach 1049
Barwienie płótna 617--625
Batik 841
Batraki,
robotnicy rolni 839
Bęben MI
Belladonna,
odwar ·647
Beryl, wróżbiarstwo 265
BeryHistica 278-283
Bidly,
bijadla,
cz. warsztatu
tkackiego ,673
Biedota wiejska 498, 840
Biegun, kamień 596
Bielenie płótna 631
Blichy, bielarnie 631
Bobry 144
Bojowisko 379
Bory bartne 533, 534
Boże Narodzenie 142
Bóg 705, 713
BÓ'stwo irlandzkie Dagde 986
Brachmanizm 841
Bractwo krawieckie 640, 641
Brajerzy,
uhlarze Podhala 706
Brat matki 69, 73, 91
Brąz w sztuce 841
. Browary 341-438
Bryja 707
Bryndza 713
Buddyzm 841
Budownictwo Dagestanu
861, 862
- środo fran'końskie 484
- irańs'kie856
_. jakuckie 908
kaukazkie 882
_. małopolskie 699-702
- Murutów 993-4
Budowle rolnicze 919
_ śródziemnomnrskie
967, 968
Budynki gorzelniane 411
__
o
Budynki gospodav::ze 23, 342-438
- mieszkalne 364, 462
Budownictwo
p.alki'erz,
badania nad zabudowaniami,
budynki
gospodarcze.
mieszka,lne,
chałupa, chata, czurna (namiot),
dach, dom, drzwi, dworki, dymnica furtka izba kala, kalenica.
kluki, kolib~, ko~ora, konstrukcja zrębu, 'koźliny, krycie dachu,
kuny, kurloki,
kurnica,
,lamusy,
mieszkania.
Bud own i ctwo
g os P o danc\ze
i p rzem y sł o we, p. ,arenda,
browary, budynki
przemysłowe,
gorzelnie, gumna, holendry (młyny), karczm.a,
kolnie
wołowe,
korzeczniki
(młyny), kuźnie, łażnie mielcuchy
(browa'ry), młyny, 'obory, sąs'i~ki, serniki, solki,
spichrze, stajnie, stodoły, szopy,
tarta'ki, wiatraki, wozownie.
Bud-wozy 138
Budżet ,chłopa 18. 25
Burlaki
841
Buvsztyn 220
Buty,649
Bylica 666
Byliny841
Bydło 147, 347
c
Cabala, kabała 271
Camarhyntus
pallidus,
ptak 741
Cebula 348
Cechy krawców 639-646
Cegielnie 358, 416, 417
Cepy 350
Cepowiny
(zwycz. weselny) 721
Ceramika 1201-1213
Cerkiew słowiańska 192
Chałupa jednoizbowa 434
••
I
I
I
••1
'Z[
r\
•1
1425
Chałupa kowalska 418
- kurna 702
- owczarska 433
Chałupnicy 347, 360-438
Chaty dymne 989
Chiromancja 271
Chleb 135, 709, 720
Chlewy 391
ChłQP i diabeł 653
Chłopi galicyjscy 11, 12
- na pół rolkach 705
_. Rosji feudalnej 844
- turkmeńscy 849, 850
Choroby na Podhalu 722
Chronologia ludowa, od św. Woj'decha do św. Marcina 347
Chronologizowanie faktów etno 248,
251
Chożdienie
(j, ros.) pielgrzymki 8B6
Chów bydła 'na Podhalu 22. 705, 706
Ciężarka gliniane u krosien 6{}7-6B4
Ciosek, jentla 713'
Ciasna bartni'1ców 531
Connubia communa 80
Cuculus
indicator
73'8
(pająki)
Cykle kulturowe 50
Czapka cz. wiatraka ,60,6
Cza1rnoksięŻIlicy '6'52
Czarownice647
Czary 271
Czółenko tkackie 673,680
Czółna 361
- australijskie
994, 995
Czurna, namiot 49
Ćwierć, miara zboża 3'52, 611
Cyclosomia
truncata,
D
Dach 371, 401, 434
Definicja etnogenezy 37
_. etnografii 36, 40, 242
- matriarchatu
69
90'
745
Determinizm w etnografii 811
Dialekty, por. języki
Dom czeladny 431
- saksoński 967, 968
Drac, dragon, smok 648
Druki na tkaninach 1203
Drukowanie płócien 613-625
Drukulki,
kiecki 616
Drwale polih<ilańscy 706
Drzwi na biegunach 3e3
Drzeworyty 647-666
Drzeworytnictwo
613
Duct! ogniska 853
Dudy 32, 917
Dudziarze 917
DwoDki 422-427
Dworiszcze (j. ros.) 852, 853
Dywany Dagestanu 870
Dymnica
702
Dziecko we wróźbach 269
Dziedziezenie 73
Dziedzińce 437
Dzieje osadnictwa małop. 20
- uzbrojenia 15
_. wsi polskiej 22
Dzieźa 364
Dzwony pasterskie 29, 31
E
Egzogamia 71-113, 901, 902
Ekspozycja etnograficzna 847,
1118-1133
Ekumena 43, 51
Emigracja chłopów 497, 707
Ency1C!otpaedia Britannica 2'5B
- burżuazyjna 833
- francuska 831
- polskiej kultury -ludowej 767
- radziecka 831-847
Endogamia 89
Epoka matriarchatu
66-133
Ehrntehahn
654
1427
1426
Etniczme zespoły 40--45
Etnogenetyczne podania 61
Etnogeneza 36-65,851,
855, 879
_, Bułgarów 935, 93'6
Czuwaszów 851
_ ludów Syberii 48
Maryjców 866
narodów radzieckich 847
Oguzów 851
Tatarów Powołża 896
Tunguzów 851, 852
-' Turkmenów 888
~ ludów ZSRR 36, 37
Etnografia 22-39, 833-847
__ albańska 941, 953
Azji pn.-wschodniej 891
belgijska 974-977
bułgarska 919
burżuazyjna 50, 68, 109.898. 900. 901
czeska 914-92'9
- eurolPejska 242
- francuska 953-967
_. marksistowska 2'50
_ polska 33, 38, 58, 242,920
_ radziecka 36-133, 833~888
_, krajów ZSRR 1121-1123
_ współczesna 243-249
Etnologia 98
_ amerykańska 104
_ angielska 104
__ a,nglo-.amerykańska 871
_ francuska 106
_ niemiecka 105
_ rosyjska 106
'Etnonimika 61-63, 245, 851, 87'5
Etnos 46, 53, 243-255
EwolUl2ja rodziny 849
_ technik 953, 961
Exodus Nemów 148
F
Fairies Ci, ang.) wieszczki 301
Farbiarnie na Orawie 628-632
Far.bierz 615
Ferula, ciosek 712
Figurki kobiece 121, 124
Flagun.
Flaga, istoty mity'czne 285,
287
Folkll'Jr muzyczny 27-30
- pszczelarski 919
Folklorystyka radziecka 930-932
Folwarki 343-438, 649
Folusze 415
---' albańskie 948-951
Fonograficzne wałki 29
Forma,cja feudalna 40--45
- kapitalistyczna
40-45
- niewolnicza 40--44
- socjalistyczna 40-45
- wczesnoklasowa 40-43
Fotografia w ludoznawstwie 919
G
G'łdka o diable 6'53
Garnce gdańs·kie 352
- na zboże 3,52
Garncarstwo
białoruskie 1068-1070
Gazdowie orawscy 628, 629
Gąsiorka, AlchemiUa,
potrawa
głodowa 724
Geomancja 271
Geneza gier ludowych 35
_ kultury polskiej 243
__ polskiej s'ztU'ki ludowej 1070, 1078
_ typów' uprzęży renów 47
Gęś w wieńcu -654
Gęśnik 393
Glazur 844
Głodowe lata por. potrawy głodowe
710-724
H
Hafty ludowe 1055
_ sieradzkie 1209
_ wielkopolskie 1212
Hafty
Z.S.R.R. 843
kluski 710
Handel płótnem 626-634
Harpuny Eskimosów 892
Hawiarze,
górnicy 706
Hermandady,
bractwo średniow.843
Heteryzm 84. 85, 93
Historia badań Syberii 89'5
- chłopów 920. 921
etnogr. pol. 242-256
kultury 91
osadnictwa 20-24
rodziny 78, 81
wsi 18, 22
- tkactwa 613
Historiografi,a
społeczeństw
pierwotnych 66-133
Historyzm 102
Hodowla 49, 72. 73, 131
- konia 48
-- pszczół leśnych 518-529
- renów 48, 49. 51. 858, 859, 986,987
- wielbłądów 842
Holendry,
młyny 606
Horda 89, 118, 123, 125
Hurda, urda, śmietanica,
spic 713
Huty żelaza na Podhalu 706
Hydromancja 260
Haluśki,
I
t
I
I.konografia etnogr. 647-666
Imigracja Finów 183. 186, 1'91, 198
Indeksowanie 767-797
Indoeuropeistyka
186
Inkwizycja 258. 259
Instrukcja
w sprawie zapisywania
utworów ludowych 755-766
w sprawie
ilustrowania Atlasu
Fol. Strojów Lud. 807-808
Instrumenty muzyczne 29, 31
I n s t l' U m e n t y m u z y c z n e por.
ablos, australijskie bębny i trąbki,
balalajka,
bęben, dudy,
gong, kobza, rasp, wolynka (dudy)
Inwentarze biskupstwa -poznańskiego
340--438
- biskupstwa wrocławskiego 584
_. tartaczme 560-582
balaban,
lure
valachico626
et necis 649
Iz,ba 428
- drewni.ana 422
- szynkowna 421
w mielcuchu 408
Ius vitae
J
Jarzemko 345
Jazy569
Jatki 418, 422, 440
Jeździec madarski 937
Jęczmień 705
Język(i) alabama 159
- algonkiński 164
- amcha['ski 840
- apacze 165, 166
- athapa,skan Hl5
- australijskie 836
- awarski 838
-- aymara 963-9'67
-- azjanickie 837
_. bałtyjskie 183, 187, 839
- bantu 155. 1'56, 839
- baskijski 839
- beBakula 1'62
-- berberyj&ki 840
- birmański 840
- buduchyjski 157
-- buszmeński 841
- czeremiski 187
- czinuk 162
- dari, fars i, nowoperski 851
- delavare 164
- ele 97,9
estoński 186, 187. 188
1429
1428
Język{i) fox 164
- germańskie 186, 846
- gockie 844
- hitczi 159
- hotentocki 176
- hu;pa 165, 171
_ j,ndoeurO\Pejskie 182, 186
- karelski 186
~ kare1Jsko-ołoniecki 187, 188
- kobiet 158, 1:59
- ikoasati 1'58.
- lapoński 187, 199
- 1iwsiki 1B6-18'8, 192
- litewsko-,łotewsiki 183
- łotewski 18:8
- meriański 1,87
- mężczyzn 158, 159
- mika'Suki 159
- mongolskie 62
- rnordwiński 187
- muskogi 158, 159
- nama 176
- lIla'ss 162
- negryckie 1'55, 182
.:.....Nondugi (Nowa Gwinea) 983
- ormiański 838
-ostiacki
187
- papuaskie 980
. - prahałtyjskie
189
_ prariń~ki 186--189, 192
_ prafińsko-wołżairski
187
- !pragermań'~ki 189
_ pralapońsiki 187, 189
- pras-łowiański 1'92
- praura,lsiki 187
- prawołżański 187
_ rodowe i plemienne 40, 41, 42
- 'romańsikie 186
- rosyj'ski 192
-- samojedzkie 187
- seminole 159
_ semito-chamickie
182
_ (dialekty) Siouxów 159
Język(i) słowiańskie· 187
- tano 164
- taos 164
- tsimszian 162
- tunguzo-mandżurskie
62
- tunika 167-169
- tuskarora 166-169
- uralskie 183, 186. 187
- ugrofińskie 187
- walijski 842
- wep6iki 187. 188_ 191. 842
~ węgierski 187
- wocki 186-188
- wogulsiki 187
- yaM 159
- yuczi 173-182
- zyriański 187
Juzyna (gwara gór.) 718
K
Kabała 330-332
Kafar 367
Kafle 4'2'5
Kajalli:i 49
Kala, qual'a, typ umocnionego osiedla 856
Kaleni,ca649
Kałym 848
Kamień polerowany 264
Kamienie młyńskie 355. 356
Kamiennik orficki 263
Kapela ,góralska 30
_ rorantystów wawelskich 27
Karman, korman (odzież) 494
Karczma 356, 418-420, 1044, 1045
Kaptur chłopski 641
Kapusta 348, 705-710
KarmlIliki 394
Karpiele 705-713
Kars - ptak oLbrzym 890'
Katoptromancja
283, 294
Kicak, tyczka 717
Kiczka 35
Kiełbasy,
•
;.1'
<
ii
z rybami 719
I~ołchozy 848, 851. 857
- dargińskie 851
-- kazachskie 851
--- lwowskie 851
-- turkmeńskie 848
Koło palecZJne 594
-- podsiębierne 579
- pcśrednie579
- tramowe :579
- wodne 572
- zamachowe '572
Kołowe, podatek 586
Kominek 42'5
Komornicy 705
KomOl~a376, 404, 421. 425
Komunika,cja wodna
VI
Australii
994, 995
Konopi'e 360
Konstrukcja
urządzeń
tartacznych
:568
- zrębu 342, 40'5, 4308
Kopanki
do zarabiania ciasta 363
Kopieniactwo 72, 73, 108, 128
Koraliki afrykańskie 973
Korooki 1201
wologodskie 842
Korzeczniki,
młyny 593
Kosy 349, 367
Kośba 649
Koszycek, płachta Tl3Ser 712
Kowa,le 749-754
Koźliny 649
Kożuchy grodziskie 494
Kółko karbne ·581
Kręgi 'kulturowe 87, 102. 254. 985
Krogulec, Accipiter
nisus 736
Kronika bizantyńska 61, 151
- Galla 197
-- Hipacego 2315
- ruskie 208
Krosienka tabliczkowe 694
Krosna 667-698
Kołace
miara,
pola 6U
Kiermasz, karmasnice 921
Kierunki w etnologii:
Kierunki w etnologii: ewolucjonistyczny 83; kulturowo-historyczny
50, 108; dyfuzjonizm, funkcjonalny, psychoanalityczny,
'socjologiczno-psychologiczny,
morfologiczny,struikturowo-neobi'ologiczny 100, 104
Kierznie, maślnice 362
Kirgiz, ilustracja 658
Klag,pcdpu:s,zcZJka 712
Klasztory 192
Klejna 5,37
Klęski elementarne
w Galicji 343.
722
Klocki drukarskie 613-625
Kluki 573
Kluski 707
Kłody 363
Krusownictwo podhaI<ańskie 715, 716
Kmiecie 649, 651, 705
Kmin, warmuz 724
Knapy, p-łódennky635-638
Kobac, jastrząb 736
Kobiernidwo
870
Kobieta w społeczeństwie pierwotnym 66-133
Kobiety arabskie 971, 972
Kobza 934, 93'5
Koczownictwo 907
Koczownicy tureccy 876
Kogutek w wieńcu dożynkowym 654
Kolendy pribramskie
919
Koliby pasterskie 699
Koligacje, spółki płócienników 629
Kolnie, wołownie 391
Kolonizacja na prawie niemieckim 20
- na prawie polskim, ruskim, wołoskim 24
- średniowieczna 442
1431
1430
Krój 346, 640-646, 807
Król, gonitwa 659
Królik w wieńcu dożynkowym 654
Krycie dachów 341, 438
Krystalomancja
257-339
Kryształ 260
- czarny 308
Krytyka prądów burżuazyjnych
831
- teorii MalTa 38
KsantQchl'Oizm 146
Księgi cechowe 63'9-646
- grodzkie 8, 546-553. 584
- magiczne 274
- Manu 690
- metryk"alne 18
- miejskie 811
- sądowe 15
- sądów bartnych 519
- sądowe grodzkie 552-554
Ks,iężyc (Kamerun) !f8,1
Kształty wsi 439'-498
Kubły, karmniki 3!f5, 404
Kuchnie 430
Kukielecki
720
Kukurydza
713
Kulasa
Kuny
381
Kupcy orawscy 628
Kurche. bóstwo prusko-litewskie
8
Kurczęta, żywe w wieńcu 654
Kurhany 840. 844
Kurie, budownictwo orawskie 629
Kurloki
Ci, czes.) 917
Kurnica,
dymnica, chałupa z piecem
chłebowym 702
Kuwada 107
Kużnie 341, 438
Kwoki, karpiele 713
Kwaszenie 710
Kwaśnka
707, 710
Kwestionariusz
do badań, por. ankieta 823-830,
888, 12160-1267.
1271-1280
- Lefrena 825
_. Mannhardta 825
szwedzkie 824-B30
L
707
Kult psa 976
- rodowy 890
Kultura(y) arSJbska 838
_. białomorska 59
- górników czeskich 933, 934
-" kopieniaczo-ogrodnicze
49
leśno-stepowe 49
ludowa Podhala 30
ludowa Słowian 139. 343
łowców nadmorskich 49
materialna 340--438, 583. 584
myśliwska 49
_o. pierwotna 70, 74
rybolowców 49
-- społeczna w Nowej Gwinei 996.
997
- staropolska 22
__ o
Kultur zderzenie 705
Kulturowe prowincje 59
Kułactwo 26
Lada do rżnięcia 3'67
Lamka
chłopska (odzież) 643, 644
Lamusy 396, 397
Laponoidalny element 184
Lebioda, łoboda .. Chenopodium album
724
Lecznictwo na .Walaszsku 918
Leszek, legenda 659
Legenda Lepchów o wieży 9BB
Legendy ludowe 60, 61
Lemiesz 34<6.751
Lekanomancja 260, 266
Len, 348, 626-637, 705
Leninizm 8·64
Leżak, kamień młyński 596
Libel' Benejitiorum
252
Lichwiarz 650
Liczebnik sto, satem, kentum 1BB
Limba, Pinus cembra 145, 146
Liny konopne, łykowe 599
Lisica, prasa na olej 716
Listy niebieskie 663
Loch 397
Lud niebiesko-oki 146
Ludowa poezja Słowian 901
Ludoznawstwo' 291
Ludy kolonialne, por. indeks etnogeograf.874
- pierwotne 66-133
Lusterka wróżbiarskie 283
Lustracje 340--438
Lychnomancja, aI's lucis 283
Ł
Łan, miara pola 611
Łańcu:hówka 456-459
Łaźnie uzbeckie 860
Lodzie 49
Łopaty 345
Łosie 144, 145
Lotka, lojko, czę.Ść piły 560
Łowiectwo 73'6-745
Łowy symbiotyczne 736-745
Luk i strzały 889
Małżeństwo pierwotne 89
Mandragora 647
Mapy 803
katastralne 20
ludów ZSRR 862. 863
Polskiego Atlasu Etnogr. 12821284
typów tkactwa 682
Marksistowskie pojęcie narodu i kultury 23
Marksizm 3B-53, 97, 810, 832
Marryzm 38, 39
Masło, na Podhalu 712
Materiali'zm
dialektyczny
i histo·
ryczny 918
- dziejowy 2'53,254
Matriarchat
66-133, 850, 902. 903
MatryIinearność
68, 71, 79
Matryce do drukowania płócien 614625
Maźnica 367
Maże czumal:kie 665
Mąka, owsiana, jarcana, 'żytnia 707
Meble ludowe 365, 1215
Medycyna ludowa 656
Melodie ludowe 2fl-31
Merki rybaków 525
Meszne
M
Magia biała 324
- czarna 324
- Indian 1008, 1009
- IS'l1egów 983
Magiera,cza;Pka
649
Maglownie 630
Magnetyt, wróżbiarstwo
Majbaum
263
654
odzież 51
Malowanki 1200-1218
Mala, brona turkmeńska
850
Małżeństwo grupowe 71, 76, 80. 107
- parzyste 71, 72. 76, 8J)
Maliki,
585
Metoda b<ldań starożytności
skich 242-256
- etnogecgraficzna 251
historyczna 816
- hi'storyczno-geograficzna
historyczno-porównawcza
64, 84
geograficzn a 809-823
-
słowiaI1~
816--823
46.47.
indukcji i dedukcji 39
kartograficzna 813-823
konkretno-history:zna
255
Le Playa 18
materializmu dialektycznego
storycznego 832
i h;·
._ .. ~-_..--------------_._---
- -
1433
1432
Metoda
_
_
_
_
odwrotna,
retrogresywna
242-256
porównawcza 251
pracy nad monografią 16-19
progresywna 250. 820
retrogresywna
242-256, 820, 130.
1031
_ wróżbiarstwa 257, 339
_ 7Jbierania melodii
ludowych
28-31
Metodologia badań etnogenetycznych
38--64
_ badań etnograficznych 881
Metody opracowywania strojóv.; 798806
Mendel, miara 349
Miary pola 611, 612
Miecz we wróżbiarstwie 260
Mielenie na kamieniach 709
Mielcuchy, 'browary ·3'53,405, 400
Miesw:ania Dagestanu 861
- ludów ZSRR 870
_ kołchozów obw. mosikiew. B,67
Mięso zbójnickie 7i5
Migralcje 55
_ ludów Indonezji 996
_ pasterskie na podhalu
704-727
Miód519
Mity 60
Mlecz, Taraxacum Officinale, !potrawa .głodowa 724
Mleczniki 399
Mleczno, mleczywo 397
Mleko na Podhalu 711
Młocka 350, 64'9
Młot na czwarownke, malleus maleficarum
271-273
Młyn na Dobrussku 91B
_ koński, Rossmiihle '592. 602
-
korzeczny
·593
_ na trzeciej mierze 5,B5,5B9
_ pływający na Warcie 414
Młyn słodowy 414
- szklany 416
- wietrzny 649
_ wodny 415, 592-598 609
Młynarstwo na Kujawach 5B3-610
Młynek do oczyszczania zboża 3'51,35!
Młynica 598
Młynki kieratowe 414
- końskie 414
- do produkcji oleju 602
Młynne, podatek 5B6
Młynów podział: czynszowe, dzierżawne,na
miarach. parobczańskie 585
Młyny 341-43B, 5B3-610
Modlitewnik królewicza Aleksandr",
25B
Władysława 2:57-339
Modrodruki 613
Modrzyńce, zapaski modre 614
Monografia Bujaka 18-20
_ etnograficzna B93
_ tańców ludowych 29
- wsi 16-25
Moskal, placki owsiane 707, 708
Motyki 348
Motywy zdobnicze 617-625
Muchdu, bóstwo opiekuńcze
Ewen-
ków 853
Muterrecht
85
Muzea radzieckie B65. B66
-- regionalne 8
lVIuzeoznawstwo radzieckie
1133
Muzyka dawna 28
góralska 29-31
- ludowa 29, 30
_. na Hanej 919
_ podhalańska 30-32
- polska 27
Myślenie magiczne 981
Myślistwo 49, 70, 72
1106--
N
)labiał
707
pomocnik płócienników
62B, 629
Nalepa, ognisko otwarte w izbie 701,
702
Naleśniki 710
Namioty przeważne 138
Napoje alkoholowe 717
Narody arktyczne 838
Narok 22
Narty 49
- na Rusi B'89
Narzędzia kolne 1174 1175
- kowalskie 358
'
- do orki 746-754
_. do pracy 1172
- rolnicze 342-::-438
- rylcowe do orki 754
Nauki etno.grafic.ZiIle 247
Nawsisko,
nawsie 439-498
Nawój u krosien 667, 67;2
Nazwa{y) folwarków 422
- Neurów 137
- miejscowe jako żródła do historii
osadnictwa 20
-' pił 565,56'6
- Ukrainiec 1023. 10.24
- ryb 20B
Nekromancja 271, 273, 283
Nemesia meridionalis, :pająlki 745
Neurów etymologia 137, 138
Nicielnice 670, 680-68,6
Niedotykalni,
kasta indyjska 868
Niedźwiadek morski 656
Noc umarłych 35
Nagończy,
o
Obnażanie 661
Obory koliste, kwadratowe
- w kształcie litery L
389
Obory w trianguł 389
Obróbka drewna 557
- włókna 360
- żelaza w Afryce 994
Obrusy, chlebowniki
615
Odnalezie
. rzeczy skradzionych 283
.
me
Obrzędy pogrzebowe kirgiskie 65,8
- słowJańskie 35
Obyczaje dzikich 77
- scyty}skie 138
Odkładnica 7,51
Odzież ludowa albańska 941, 953
- kirgiska 6·58
- ludowa 642, 662, 803-805
- Udmurtów 908-912
-zaehodnio-słowiańska
1046-1048
oe~:hyt!a
smaragdina, mrówki 741Ognisko otwarte 699-702
Okólniki,
podwórza 437
Okkopim
.
us, b'ostwo prusko-litewskIe B
Okolnica 450
Okra'sa na !Podhalu 716
Okręime 6,54
Olej lniany 707, 716
Olejarnie 716
Olędry, c~ady 4'52
Omacz, 'Socha turkmeńska B48
Opętany 655
Organizacja dualna 41, 71
- fratrialna 71
- plemienna 42
Orka 649, 750, 1172
OrientaUzacja kultury grecko-rzymskiej 261
Ornament geometryczny 617
-- hornacki922
- karelski 899
- roślinny 617
Orły poławiateze, Abu kullab 741
Orzesw: i limby 146
Osadnictwo 7. 15
143a
1434
Feriodyzacja
Osadnictwo górnej Orawy 626
_. Małopolski 7. 20-24
_ na Nawsiu 490
_ podhala 445. 704
_ wiejskie 439-498
_ wołoskie 467
_ Wietługi (Zawołże) 866
Osady jednodworcze 446
_. na prawie niemieckim,
polskim.
ruskim, wolos,kim 24
_ wołoskie 626
Osełki do ostrzenia 350
Oset, Cirsill1J1 oLerace11m, potrawa
_
głodowa 723
Oskard 596, 602, 609
Ości na ryby 361-990-992
Oszczypki 708-713
Owalnice 453
Owce 360
Owczarnie 379, 392
Owies 705, 707
Ozd, ozdnica,
oznica,
ozdownie
405--
ogni, telekomunikacja
511--
412
p
Falenie
515
Palonka
podhalańska,
gorzałka 720
Pa,piErnie 416
Pająk morski, ilustra,~ja 657
Pamiętniki historyczne 61
Państwo Zywieckie 5·5'8
Paproki, przezwisko kowali 754
Papyrus demotyczny 264
Pasternak
704
Pasterstwo 74, 892
patry ja, patryla
512-517
Patriarchat 70-85,112,115,129,904.
721
P€Czys.zcze (j. ros.) 852, 853
Periodyzacja
Periodyzacja
66-133
archeolog. 985
historii pierwotnej
920
etnogr. radziecldej
kultury
lud.
i rosyjskiej 869
Perlik, młot 603, 609
Piec 425, 431. 699-702
_ chlebowy w komOI'ze 363, 423
_ garncarski 844
- do lnu 417
,
_ do wypalania ,cegły 417. 418
Pieczywo B. N. 719
Piekamie 430
Pieśń (pieśni) ludowa 28-31
_ butg. żniwiarzy 884
-- czeskie 922
_ Ewenków 859, 860
- radzieckie 876
_ rosyjskie 87'5, 876
_ ukraińskie 875, 876
_ ze Wzgórz Naga 983
Filarstwo 5'64
PHa, piela 559, 582
Fisane ludowi 25
Piskvonc,
Pfingstschwanz,
zwyczaj
wiosenny 918
Pisownia utworów ludowych 755, 756
Piwo 3'50, 707, 717
Piwowarnice.
browar 407
Piwni·ce 397
Pitanglls
sllLphuratus,
bentevi, ptak,
739
Placek góralski 708. 709, 719
PLatenice O, słow.) 627
Plecionkarstwo 679. 682, 683, 1173
Plemię, plemiona. por. indeks etnogeografi-ez:ny 42-46.
71. 75. 243
_
Patrin,
Pączki
czechosl.
90:i
ugrskie 55
wschodniosl-owial1skie
48
Placienicy635-638
Płachta 1055. 1058
Płóciennicy orawSCY. 626-634
Płótna wyrób 360
Płozy 345
Pług 344-438
Plugi bez kół, drewniane 345, 751
- kowalskie 751
- pruskie 571
Plużyce 344-438.
746
Pochodzenie Germanów 61
- rodziny 43, 68, '72
- Słowian 57, 61
Pochówki, podwyżkowe 978
Podania ,60
Podbielina, TussiLago, potrawa głodowa 724
Podział rodowy 40, 41
Podoski, metalowe obręcze 594
Poezja ludowa 877
Poezji ludowej zapis 755-766
Pogosty O, ros.) postoje 854
Pokrzywa, potrawa głodowa 724
Polaniarze na Podhalu 70'5
Poliandria 79
Polowanie pastuchów
bałkańskich
73,6
(gw. góral.) 718
Pomieszczenia dla inwentarza żywego (chlewy, dojniki, obory, owczarnie, s'tajnie, wołownie) 38'5-3>98
Pomoc wzajemna
999-1004,
1096-
Polednina
1104
Popularyzacja
etnografi.i U53
Porozum,iewanie się na odległość, telekomunikacja
511-517
Porywanie żon 142
Posowy, pułapy 376. 422, 42'5
Posty na Podhalu 718, 719
P o t l' a w y g ł o d o we, por. ALchemitLa, hodryk,
majki,
(mlecz) koniczyna, lebioda, szczaw, ognicha,
Raphanus
Raphanistrum,
szypułki, zajęcza kapusta, moskal, perz,
scyrbak,
trawa, TussiLago, Taraxacumi Of., warmuz,
ziomber
Potrawy kwaśne 710
Powinności chłopów 22, 344-438
Pożyczki pragel'mańskie 191
Fcżyczki ~raruskie 192
Pożywienie Podhala 703-727
- głodowe 710-723
obrzędowe 721
-' roślinne 708-726
~ świąteczne 719, no
;Półrolnicy 347
Półślednicy 3'60
Praludność Euro;y 184
Prace Instytutu Etnografii ZSRR 8n
Prawa bartne 518-529
- chłopa 843
_.. czartow,kie 652
- germańskie 650
_.- macierzyste 82-92
- niemieckie 705
- oj1cowskie 85, 86
polskie 650
- rozwoju zjawisk kulturowych 55
- wołoskie 540
Problematyka
etnogenetyczna
263
Promiskuityzm 76, 86, 91
Proroctwa u Czechów 917
Proso 350
Prowadnica,
część tartaku 575
Przebieranie obrzędowe, w wilka 139·
142
PrzE'chow j'wanie 363, 721
Przedmioty bły3zczące, wróżbiarstwo
260
Pl'zemysł fermentacyjny XV!'I w. 41fl
- ludowy 1199, 1205, 1206
- młynarski 418
- tart.aczny 555, 582
Przeobrażenia stosunków etnicznych
Eurcpy 183
Przesuszanie się pien iędzy 8
Przestęp
647
Przeżytki 74
- bartne 518
- rodu macierzystego
872
Przyciesie 419. 426
li
Kwakiutlów
1436
1437
Przydomki odimienne 729
_ określające cechy człowieka 730
- od nazwy domu 729
- topograficzne 730
- sytuacyjne 730
- zawodowe 729
Przysiółki 446
Przysłowia Senegalu 983
Pszczelarstwo 519. 9'21
Pszenica 155
Puciera 713
Pućwiartki,
mi.ara pola 611
Puła'py z tarcic 425
pulanek.
miara pola 611
Puzderek wyrób 972-974
Pyromancja 269
Pytel chłopski 598-606, 607
R
Ra,bacja ,galicyj,ska 513
Raczun, rozrachunek 628
Radła, radlice 344--438, 746
Radziecika szkoła etnograficzna 843.
864
Rama tkaJCM 683, 687
Relacja Ibrachima ]bn. Jakuba 519
Rasp, instrument muzyczny typu piły 983
Rataj 344
Rącznik 13,5
Regale bartne 519, 536
Religia Mongołów 984
Relikty matria,rchatu 112
Relo, j.astrząb 736
Reny 858, 859, 991
Roboty ręczne albańskie 939-951
Rodzirna 72, 80, 92, 109
Rolnictwo 18, 22, 49, 132, 74,6-754
- w Czechach 916
Rośliny uprawne na Podhalu 705
Ród i plemię 41-46. 69-90, 850, 869
Rózga zielona 650
Różdżka czarnodziejska 283
Ruch ludo"wy 11, 15, 26
Ruchy chłopskie 1038-1044
Rudowłosi 146, 147
Rzeka brzozowa, Coiva 195
Ryby 647, 716
Rybołówstwo 70, 72, 361, 716, 990
Rytuał inicjacji 987
Rzemiosła ludowe czeskie 919
Rzepa, gryzula, ziemniaki 709, 713
Rzepak 350
Rzeżba w kOŚci 842, 877, 912-914
Rzeżalnie, sieczkarnie 402
Rzędówka 542
s
Sadło niedżwiedzie 716
Salamandra 648
Sanie 369
Sqdki do gorzałki 366
Sądy dawne 650
- owczarskie 538-554
- wiejskie 538
Sąsieki 384
Scyrbak, Cirsium
Rivulare, potrawa
głodowa 723
Semiki 399
Sery 362
- syr na Podhalu 712
Siabry, sebra (j. ros.) 852, 853
Siara 719
Side O. irland.), wieszczki 300
Sieczkarnie 402
Siedziba Nemów 13oł-152
Siemię 'lniane 3'51
Sień 421, 425
Sierdzeń u wozu 369
Siermięga, kaftan 649
Sierpy 349
Skansen 826
Skarbce na przyc:esiach 429, 430
Sklep. piwnica 397
Skolopendra morska 256
(gwara góralska), słonina 715
Skrzypce, część warsztatu tkackiego
672
Skrzyżowanie języków 41
Słodownia 405
Słopiec, cłapiec 664
Słowian autochtonizm 141
- dzieje 134-152
- folkIor 871
Słowiańsikie nazwy miej&COWOśCi
22
- starożytności 242-256
Słowniczek Togo 974
Smok, p. drac, 648
Smugi, rodz. gleby 750
Sobótka 666
Socha 22, 344--438
- częŚl~i 746-750
- dwupolicowa '151
- .litewska 751
- podlaska 751
- żelazna 746-754
Socha i ślemię 701
Socharz 573
Solenie potraw 710
Skrzep
Solki
399
odzież 51
Spichrz, spichlerz, szpicherek, szpkh,
spkhrzyk, Slpichlerzyk 372-3'74
Spi:clllerz na scendarach 373
Spiżarnia 373
Spław drewna 5'58
Spodnie płócienne 649
Społeczeństwa łowieckie 125
- zbieracze 125
Sprawa chłopska 11
Sprzęt zbóż 349
Sprzęty 342-438
- domowe 966, 967
- kuchenne 365
Sprzężaj 368-371
Spuszczadnica dla cieląt 402
Stajnia z chrustu 390, 438
Sowiki,
Stacitw
693
Zie!. Świąt;{j 566
Stado pierwotne 40 41, 68. 71
Stad;um macierzyste 97
- ojcowskie 97
Staje (l50 m) 612
Statki browarnicze 352
- folwarkowe 364
- gOEpodarcze 352
-- kowalskie 359
- kuchenne 362
-- ogrodni:2ze 348
- phvne 407
- szycnkowne 366
- zbożowe 3,52
Statystyka młynów wodnych 587
Stępa 364, 415, 592
Stodoły 349-438
Stosunki płciowe 41
- rodowe u Chakasów 907
- społeczno-produkcyjne
73, 340-438
Strawa 349
Strój ludowy 23, 639-646, 649, 662,
1053-1056, 1165, 1166, 1176, 1177,
1202
Strój, stroje ludowe zach.-słowiańskie IN6-105S
- dolno.śląSJki 639, 798
- dzierżalc'ki, górali szczawnicki'ch,
krzczonowski, kujawski, łowicki,
spiski 798
- szarn'otułski 7S8, 1058-1066
- wielkopol·skie 10-64
St,refy gosp.~kulturowe 49
Studnie 403, 986
Stypa 8
SukJnia chłopska 640, 645
Suszenie grzybów 716
Sworznie,
część tartaku 575
Syderyt, wróżbiarstwo 262-264
Sygnalizacja świetlna 511-517
Sypanie 352, 371, 375
Stado,
\V
1438
1439
Syntez.a Niederlego 184
- polska slawistyczna i antropoIog:;:zna 184
- uralistyczna 186
SY7'zynka (gwara gór.al.), płótno do
dzieży 711
System dwuklasowy 984
- pańszczyżniany 1026-1029
Systematyka narzędzi rybołówczych
990-992
Systematyzacja polskich melodii ludowych 28
Szabatnik
425
Szamanizm 892
Sz;czepów bałtyckich genealogia 211
Szeregówka wieś 446
SzkLanki, huty szkła 729
Szkoła bujakawska 24
-ewolucyjno-psychiczna
249
- historyczna 250-256
- kulturowo-historyczna
68, 101
- wiedeńska 254
Szkudly
371
Szmaciaki mazurskie 1200
Szopy 373, 401
SZo7'~, suknia 645
Sztuczne nawadnianie 51
Sztuka ludowa 1079-1094, 1198-1216
dla mas, Massenkunst
660
_. drukowania płótna 613-625
_. na Horacku 917
- podhalańska 1204
.- slowacka 866
- śląska 12Q6
Szufel brandenburski
352
Szubienica 649
Szyszki 145
Szyszkojady 135
Ściana, stena 138
Środk i transportowe 368
Środowisko geograficzne 47, 49. 460
Świerk 135, 145
Święto pasterskie 917
T
Tabele osiadłości (źródła) 527
Tańce czeskie 918
- góralskie 32
Targi na płótno 631
Tartaki 352, 415. 555-582
Tatarka 348
Taźbierek,
gorsze piwo 717
Technika orki 750-754
Technika uprawy roli 21
Thesaurinella,
poszukiw.anie
karbów 283
Telekomunikacja 511-517
Telenget, lud węży 141
Teoria celto-słowiańska 184
- gramatycznych rodzajów 156-158
- koloni.alna 21
- kręgów kllJ1turowych 50
- lVLarra 37, 46. 47
- matrial1:hatu 66-133
- :patriarchatu 78-94
- pochodz€IDia religii 932, 933
- teoria runiczna 531-533
- sakralnego pochodzenia władzy
68, 76
Teza fińskiej praludności 185
- samojedzkiej praludności 186
Tezy leninow.skie 849
- lVIorgana 90
Tk.actwo 677-698, 1049, 1173, 1213
Totemizm 71, 79. 104
Toponomastyka 248
Tłuczenie ziarna 709, 716
Tragi do noszenia piwa 355.
Transport płótna 627-633, 655, 858
Transport
komunikacja
p. arba, bajdary
(łodzJie), budwozy, czółna, jarzemka, 'kajaki,
komunikacja wodna, łodzie, maże,
namioty przewożne, narty, patryja. reny. san;e, spław, sprzężaj,
sygnalizacja, środkl transportowe.
u,~rząż, konia, rena, telekomunika_
cJa, tragi, transport płótna, wielbłądy, wozy, zaprząg rena.
Typy kultur 49-51
osiedli 20, 854
- stroju 789
- tkactwa 682
Węże 137, 138
Wiadra z drzewa 363
Wiatraki 412, 583-610
- ,holenderskie 606, 607
- do tarcia tabaki 602
Widły 348-350
W£ece wielkopolskie 14
Wiecerza, (,gw. góral.) 718
U
Wielbłądy 973
Wielka. trójka, (Bachofen MI: LenUb.iory chłopskie, 6'39--646, 959
nan Morgan) 91
UCIeczka Neu'l'Ów 139
Wielk.anoc w Łowickiem 35
Udoje, grudy, bundz, brusy, .ser 712
Wielodrożnice 451, 452
Uhlarze 706
Wieniec dożynkowy 654
Układ gruntów w średniowieczu 445
Wiertel,
(leszczyński, Iwowiecki.
Ule 362, 527, 528
międzyrzecki) 348, 352
.
Ulicówki 447-450
Wieś,
(wsi)
kołchoźnicze
ZSRR
857
Uprawa lnu na Podhalu 666
- łanów leśnych 4'87
- motykowa 56
- olęderskie 446
- 'Sprzężajna 73
- małopolskie 17--22, 488
Uprząż ikonia, rena 47-49
370
Wieśnia1cy za Piastów 15 21
Ustrój ,gruntowy 445
'
Więcierze 3'61
'
'-- 'niewolniczy 44, 45
Wić
grządzielna
344.
438
- plemienny 45
Wigilia na Podhalu 719
-- Podhala 75
Wigwam 844
- radowy 119
Wilki 138-142
Wilkierze540
v
WHkołactwo' 138-142
Visapy, wyohrażenia ryb w KaukaWinnice w browarach 407
zie 842
Włodarz 434
Woda we wróżbaICh 250
W
Wół trzyrożny 660
Wołownie 3'91
Warsztat tkacki 667--676
Woły 347, 649
Wqgroda 462-466
Wolynka,
dudy 843
Wendeta 842
Wóz bosy 368
Wertep, ,teatr kukiełkowy 842
- dwukonny 22
Węborki
wielkopolskie 363 404
- jednokonny z duhą 22
Wędrówki lUdów 15, 43 '
Wozu części 3'69
- drelicharzy
andrychowskich
633'
Wozownie 400
634
Wrażda 8
- płócienników orawskich 633, 634
Wrota 435
Węgieł 263, 426
- z tarcic na biegunach 384
91
i
1440
Wróżenie 2'62, 843
Wróżba z ognia 269
- z ołowiu 283
- z patyczków i kostek 262
- z paznokci 280
-- z ptaków 262
- ze szkła 289
Wróżbiarstwo 2,57-339
Wspólnota etniczna 45
- .gminna 24
- językowa 42, 192
- pierwotna 43, 44, 49
- rodowa 44, 66, 883
- ugrska 55
- ugrofińska 188
Wycinanki 35, 1199, 1201, 1203, 1207
Wydry 144, 145
Wykladnia snów 283
Wypiekanie chleba 969
Wyposażenie .gOS!PodarS'twa367
Wyrocznie helleńskie 262
Wyrób piwa 717
- sera 712
Zasięg limby 145
- sochy żelaznej 753
- tkaJ2twa 691
Zbieractwo 70
Zbieranie melodii ludowych 29-32
Zbiory etnograficzne 1180
Zboże 135
ZJbożojady 135
Zbójnicy podhalańscy 715
Zespoły rodowe 41, 42,62
Zdobiny 806
Zgaszenie świecy, wróżba 285
Ziemie żytnio-olszowe 750
Ziemianki 49
Ziemniaki 707, 709
Z'I1CIlezienierzeczy zgubionej, abseon"
d.H!!
invenire
••
1441
Zwyczaje pogrzebowe
978
- spadkowe 25
- tybetańskie 89
- żniwiarskie 654
Ruanda
977,
'.
.
.
opts woskowoJa,
ffia'lowania 843
Żniwa 349
283
Znamiona ~bartne518-537
Znaki własnościowe 526
Znaki bartnicze, herbowe, pasterskie,
rybackie 531
Ziarna oczyszczanie 1173
Ziomber,
dziomber,
poziewnik, Galeopsis, potrawa głodowa 724
x
Z'ręby chałup 433-435
Xiphomantia 260
- na przyic.iesiach 433
~ lepian~i 433
Z
- w slupy i regle ~3
Zr<nnicowanie
j. indoeuropejskich
zabawy i g.ry828
187
Zagadnienia agrarne 83!7
- j. ugrofińskkh
183, 186
- Neurów 183, 221
Zwarnica,
zenty.ca 713
zagon (I 5 morgi) 612
Związek(i) języka z kulturą 153
Zagrodnicy 70'5
męskie 897
za·klęcia Czeremisów 985
Zwiqzowiny,
zwycz. weselny 708
Zapaski 1202
Zwierciadło
czarodziejskie
260, 652
Zapożyczenia bałtyjskie 190
- saskie 1114-1119
- ugrofińskie 183
- Twardowskiego 652
Zaprząg rena 417-51
Zasady zapisu utworów ludowych 755 - weneckie 266
Zwyczaje B. N. 917
765
- doroczne i rodzinne 35
Zasięg j. bałtyjskich 215
- kantonu la Grave 968-971
- krosien 667-698
91*
morskiego
' med.
Zur, zur 707
Zuraw
na 'sl'erd
.
'zemu . u studni 403
Zyclorysy chłopów 11
Zyntyca 713 .
Zyto 705
żarna 1104, 1Hl5
Zelazo 438
Żiw
Zółć niedźwiadka
656
(j. ros.) technika
Z
Źródła ~tnograficzne '61, 242-256
- greckIe i łacińskie 134---:152'
1443
INDEKS
CZĘśCI
ETNOGEOGRAFICZNY
ŚWIATA, KRAJE,
Afryka
Afryka 155, 841
Afrykaśroc!Jkowa '50
Afryka połud. zach. 45
Afryka płn. 973-97,6
Afryka płn.-wsch. 986
Afryka zachodnia i Centralna
Alger 840
A>santi (Sudan) 841
Ba.ntu 841
Batuto :(Bantu) 841
Banin, państwo w Akyce
PAŃSTWA
Guaiana 845
Gvatemala 845
Kalifornia
Kolumbia
108
165
Braz.
Zach. 842
Gambia AfT. 845
zat. Meksykańska 160
Ziemia Bafina 159
1005-
Indonezja
45
Karoliny
990
1001, 1002
984
A Z j a
Abchasskaja A. S. S. ROo 838
Adygejskaja A. O. 839
Adżarskaja A. S. S. R. 839
Jakucka
844
A. S. R. R. 861
Kama 145
Kaukaz 857, 858
Kazachstan 840
Kraj Zakaukaski 836
Krasnojarsk
140
Mohendjo-Daro
Oka 145
862
48
Sriedmiorzecze 50
Syberia 48, 51, 62, 840
Syberia zach. 55
Sybir, Syberia 59, 853, 864, 860
(Szi-Czi) Sym-Cjanja 61
Syr-Daria 877
Syrtia 60
Tybet 79. 990, 878
Uralo-Sybil' 55
Ural 145, 146, 147, 148
Vietnam 55, 845
Woroneż 671
rejon 48
Europa
Aesti 183, 185, 191, 225
Amphipalis (Bałk.) 737
Albania 83'6, 840, 943-955
Anglia 297, 671
Atelkur 203
48
Obłast
Peczora 145
Perm 145
Pogórze Ałtajo-Sajańskie
Zabajkalu
Dagestan 61, 839
Morze Dan!kara 853
Indie 44,686
Indie Zachodnie
IndOIchiny 55
Indonezja 686
loran 44
Marbial, płd. Haiti
Malanezja 50, 991
Nowa Gwinea
Ceylon 14
Chiny 44, 686, 982
Chiny zach. 50
Chorezm 890
Czukotka 48
Górno-ałtajska
Haiti 845
Hawai:ka 60
Ameryka
Babilonia, Babylonia 260, 843
Baszkirska A. S. R. R. 842
Bachły ('Indie Śr.) 843
Bichari 642
Binne 842
Bosforskie państwo 843
Buchara 843
Eurazja
N. Gwinea 985, 998
339
Chihuahua (prow. Meks.) 165
Columbia 162
Australia 102, 83'8. 871
Australia plin. 990
Australczycy 79
Filipiny 980
Sudan 839, 974, 975, 999
Brazylia 843, 980
i Melanezja
Borneo 842
KOIJlgoBelg. 976
Kraj Basków 841
Alaska 79, 840
Ameryka 104, 840
Ameryka !połud.50. 003-967,
1010
Ameryka półn. 49, 153-182
Argentyna 840
Arizona 165
162
jez. Titicaca 1010
VeIllezuela 844
Australia
Egipt 263, 685
Madagaskar
Afganistan 841
Alma-Atinskaja
Oblast 840
Amurskaja Obł. 840
Armiańskaja SRR 835, 836
Azel.'bajdżańska SRR 835, 836, 839
Azja 839, 838
Azja płd. wsch. 55
Azja płn. i śr. 49, 980
Azja środkowa 51, 62
846
Baczka k. Subotni '633
Bałtyk 29, 32
Banat63;;
Bełorusskaja SSR 836
Biała Chrobacja 244
Białoruska SRR 842
Bialoruś 1070--1071
Biskupin 842
Borscewo wieś n. Donem 843
Budapeszt 63·5
Bułgaria 836, 842
Chorwacja 633
Chrobacj" 21, 242-256
Donia 67
Delfinat 970-973
Estonia 191, 192. 193
Europa 15
1444
Europa śr. 184
Europa pn-wsch. 59
Europa wsch. 183, 189
la Fe,rte sous Jouarre 604
Finlandia 190. 191. 194
Francja 293
Gjevgjelija Bałkany 736. 737
Goteborg 824, 826. 831
Gran Chaco 846
Grecja 78, 135, 684, 685. 838
Grenl.andia 847
Ham!burg 671
Hango 200
Harkabuz 626
Helsingfofs 200
Hornacko 924
HucinSiko CSR 923
Imperium Romanum 56, 44
Inflanty 14'2, 194
Ingerrnanl.andia 194
Islandia 668
1str 143
Kaukaz 51, 151
Kijowszczyzna 144
Kokenhu'sen 196
KoJ:dynga, Goldinges 198
Kraje nadbałtyckie 51
Kurlandia 194, 1'97. 198
Letgale 196
Libawa 197
Lipsk 2,0
Litwa 142
Lund, Szwecja 824, 827
Luptów, Sp~sz, Orawa 636
Lwów 30. 31, 32, 27, 12. 18. 21.
22, 24
Łotysze 193, 197
Łużyce 1048-1051
1445
Szwajcaria 209
Szwecja 824--831
Majotis (M. Azow.) 144
Mitawa 197
iVIoskwa 67. 188. 189, 198
Toropiec 198
Tracja 737
Treblinka 753
Turcja 878
Twer 189
Neuryda 141
Niemy 270
Nizina Zadunajska 633
Norwegia 194, 668, 671
Nowog.ród W-ki 190. 196. 203. 206.
208
Norymberga 271, 275
Ukraińska SRR 835
Ukraina
137.. 138, 200
Upsala 824. 82.6, 831
Obszar Nadamurski
Orania63'8
Villafranca
648
51
Państwo Bizant. 140
Pepenie pow. SzawIe 700
Petersburg 1'94
Podni'eprze 137
Podole 149
Polesie 34, 139, 143, 144, 219
Polska '(p. str. 1445) 15, 21, 22, 23,139
Portugalczycy 56
Prusy 142
Psków 198
Rosja środkowa p. ZSRR. 189
Rumunia 633
Ryga 183
Rzym 684, 685
Saragossa 256
Scytia 141, 143, 135, 136, 148, 150.
1'51
Selencia 197
Siedmiogród 143, 203, 633
Skandynawia 48, 204, 211. 1136-1166
SIanica G. O. 628, 629, 630, 632
Slavonia 633
Słowacja 514, 626--634, 1048-1050
Słowiańszczyzna 247, 678
Spisz 633
Strażnicko 924
Sudety 484
Szlezwik 671
Sztokholm 824---831
deI Panades,
Katalonia
Westrup w Wes.tfalii 667, ,670
Węgry 626, 627, 633, 836
Wielka Chrobacja 244
Włochy 20
Wołyń 144, 149, 665
Wyler, wieś Szwaje. 648
•
zemga'le 196
ZSRR 45, 51, 833-849. 1l09-11:ł5
Zubrohlawa 628, 632
Zelazny Ujazd CSR 462
Zmudź 13,9. 197, 656
Polska
Andry:hów
627, 629, 634
Babki 345
Bal2z'ków k. Bochni 12
Bańsko 636
Bębynek W. 478
Bęczyn pI'zedm. w Urzędowie 611,
612
Biadoliny Szlacheck,ie 449
Biała wieś, :pow. Płock548
Biała P. Prud:nik 614, 615
Biecz 8, 15, 22
Bielczarowo, Sądeckie 467
Bielowa Pilzn. 474
Biskupice 362
Biskupin pow. Zuin 667, 668, 669
Bobrów 628. 629, 632
Bochnia 10, 12, 700. 706
Bogusza, Sądeckie 467
Bronisław k. Strzelna 588
Brwilno pow. Płock 550. 548. 549
Brzesko 16
Brzezie 345
Brzozowski klucz 342
Budrów pow. Wadowice 701
Buk Wkpl. 342-438
Bukowina 626, 703-727
Bydgoszcz 5'52-554
Bystra 5'66
Bystre Stare 632
Bystrowi:ce Paeworskie
469
Chełpowo pow. Płock 549
Chochołów 63'5-638, 703-727
Chorzów 616, 617
Chrobrze 5'64
Chrośnica, ZbąS'zyń 541, 542, 543'
Chrosno k. Kruszwicy 592. 599. 603.
605, 608
Chrza:nowski pow. 20
Chumiętki 364
Chyźna 632
Ciążeń Wkpl. 342-438
Ciche 703-727
Cieszyn 614. 619-625
Czamy Dunajec 627. 703-727
Czech-nica obok Wrocławia 449
Czerwieniec 561
Czewujewo wieś w Wklp. 539
Czukiew, Czysz·ki 488
Dawidek W. 462, 479
Dąbrowa T.arn. 700
Dąbrowice woj. Lubelskie
Dąbska 349
Dobieżyn 344
Dolsk Wklp. 324-438
Dołżyca Sanockie 467
Domaniewo 344
Dzianisz Podh. 632
474
1446
1447
Dziedzice 364. 3a2
Dus:zmiki 344
Dzwonina Pilzn. 474
ł'aściszowa
n, DWlajcem 702
Gać 488
Gdańsk 517, 678
Gi€l:z 669
Glinik pow. Jasło 467, 472
Główno 345, 416
Głusz)"na 344
Gniezno 699
Gorcze wieś 35
Goszczewo pow. Nieszawa 550
Góry przedm. Urzędowa 611
Grabiny 753
Grębków 420
Grodzisko pow. Łańcut 512, 513, 516
Grodzisk Dolny 485, 492
Grodzisk G. 495
Grodzisko miasteczko 493
Gubałówka
704
Gwizdary gm. Łochów 7,52, 7'53
. Hamry
633
Handzlówka, Husów 488
nża518-529
Inowrocław pow. 584
.Jabłonka 631, 632
Jabłonków Bes. 441, 614-625
Jaczew 7·53, 754
Jankowice pow. Olaw&ki 669
Jedlnia 519
J eleśnia pow, Zywiec 560-582
J emielno 384
Kalisz 669
Kamień !Pom. 517
Kaszów wieś krak. 473
Kąty 364
Kieleckie 31, 701
Kiełczew 753
Klin 632, 633
Kobielów Z. 562
Kobierniki pow. Płock 548
Kobyle pow, jasielski 467
Kokoszczyn 349
Kolczyno płockie 549
Kombornia 25, 487
Kambarska Wola 474
Komorni:ki 347. 419
Komorowo pow. Szamot. 668. 669
Konojad 344, 345, 385
Koprzywnica 4B7
Kosina 488
Kossowo 349
Koszanowo 344
Kotawo 382
Kotunia 398
Koziegłowy 349
Kozłów Biskupi 354
Koźle S. 614, 615
Kraków 7, B, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 21,
20, 22, '27, 637
Krauszów Podhale 448
Krerów 347
Krobia Wkpl. 342-438
Krościenko Wyżne 515
Kruszwica 591
Kukały 399
Kulkowo Podlaskie 753
Kuźnice 706
Laskowo 345
Leszno Wklp. 459 642
Leśnica pow. Lubliniec 669
Leśnica pow. Strzelce opolskie 614.
615. 616
Leśnagóra 420
Leżajskie Starostwo 519
Limanowa 7, 17, 20
Lipki 753, 754
Lipnica 628. 630, 631. 632
Lisice 398
Lubcza pow. pil:zneński 472
•
Łapczyce k. Bochni 12
Łaskarzew 344
Łętownia 515
Łojewo pow. lnowI'. 589
Łojki 753
Łowień 350
Łowicz 8, 23. 34
,.
Maniowy 706
Ma.rll:owa 488
Maruszyna
Ma.szkienice pow. brzeski 7, 8. IB.
17, 19, 22
Mikuszewskie
przedm. 611
Milówk.a 5,60
Minikawo k. Poznania 348
Młodojewo Wkpl. 342-438
Mły;nkowo 3·63
Mogi1eński pow. 584
Morzyczyn 753
Mrozowa Wola 7'53
Mrowino 345
Namiestów 626 630, 632
Nawsie wieś 440. 441. 483
Niedźwiedź 445
Nowosielce pow. Przeworsk 513
Nowy Targ 63;5-63'8, 706-727
Odęte Podh. 752, 753
Okonin pow. ropczycki 12, 47'8
OI.brachtowice pow. wrocl. 6'69
Opole 614, '670, 678, 699
Orawa G 626-634, 703-727
Orawka G, O, 628, 632
Osada 632
Ostrów Szl. k. Bochni 70, 702
Ostrów Tumski 348
Oświęcim 563
Pabianice 1037,' 1040
Pantalowice 469
Fcim k. Myślenie 700, 702, 475
Perla 449
Pietrzykowie 560
Pj~czkowo 349
Filczyn 360
Pilsko 630
Płatkownica, Podlasie 752. 753
Ploc:k 547, 549, 550
Plóciennikówka
rola 631
Podrzewie 347, 420
Podwierzbie 34!6
Podwilk, G, O. 626
Pogwizdów k. Bochni 12
Polanowice pow. Gubin 669
Ponikiew 563
Porąbka pow. Zywiec5'57
Poznań 27, 29. 31, 342-438, 667. 66V
Prawda 344
Prostyń pow. Węgrów 747. 748, 752.
7'53. 754
Przeginia pow. Olkusz 701, 702
Przybl'oda 345
Pszczew 342-438
Ptaiszkowa 474
Fuńców, Cieszyńskie 480
Racibórz 614, 615, 616, 617
Radom 519, 520
Radziechowy 560
Rankowskie
przedm. Urzędowa 611
R'ltoszyn 612
Rawa 34'2-438
Relowa pow. Brzesko 702
Rybniki pow. Brzeski ŚląSk 669
Sadoleś,5adowne
752. 753
Samarzewo 416
Sandomierz 520. 654
S,mtok 699
Seredzice Bliższe, wieś 527
Sękowo 347
Siemianowice 614, 616-625
Silna 350
1448
Slotowa star. pilzn. 474
Sarna 626
Skandle pow. Busko 701
Skalne Podhale 703-727
Skarboszewo 345
'Sobienie 346, 3'50
Scchaczew 342-438
Sójkówek 753
Sokołów 753
Sokółka 753
Solec 368
Sosnowiec pow. Srem 669
Stara wieś 448
Na Starym, huta 729
StelPanów 632, 633
Stoczek 752. 753
Stoki 3.50
Stołuń 3162
Strz€lgocice st. pilzn. 474
Strze1iński pow. 584
Strzelno 602
Sucha 47:5
Szaflary 7·06
Szamotuły 1058-1060
Szarlej Sląsk 66'9
SZJczawnica Wy.na, Niżna 728-735
SzczeCin 605
Szczonowa pow. Jarocin 669
Szczytniki k Krakowa 468
Szumecza 4'53
SCinawa, pow. Wołów 6. 24
Slesin 348
.
Smiłowska Rzeka wieś SI. Cieszyński 480
Swider 415
Tarnów 8, 344
Tamowo 345
Toruń 26,512, 513
Trzebiechów 350
Trześniowa 473
Tuczępy Małop. 702
1449
Ujsoły 567
Umienmo pow. Płock 548
Urzędów 611-612
Uście 626, 632-633
UstrzY'ki Dolne 514
Wadowice 5,63
Wawreczko W. 632, 633
Węd rY'!1
ia, Beskid 480
Węgierska GÓl'ka 560, 565
Węgrów Podlaski 652, 746-754
Wielgie-Topór, Podhale 752. 753
Wiełki Sławsk58'5
Wierzbocice 364. 418
Wilczyna 36'6
Winnagóra 342-438
Witowo 347
Wolin Pam. 517
Wólka Łaskarzewska 357
Wólka Pozn. 411
Wrodszew 379. 382
Wrocław 26, 66'9
Wturek Wkpl. 462
Wyszków 753
i
•
Zakościetne
I
I
I
!
\
~
704
Azowskie M. 203
Bałtyk 190, 191
Białe M. 208
Czudskoje Oziero 193
Ladoga 210
Michigan 164
Onega 191
Pejpus 192
Pont 151
Pskowskie 192
Wielkie Jez. 164, 165
R z e k i, o c e a n y, z a t o k i,
wyspy
611
Zbików Mazow. 348
Zmiąca 7, 17, 18. 19. 20. 440. 477
Zolynia 490
Zywiec 62'7
Zywiec Stary 560
Góry
Karpaty 20, 202
Kaukaz 200, 203
Kotlina Spisko-liptowska
Ural 202, 203
I
Zabłocie pow. Zywiec 5'58
Zajezierze 438
Zakopane 15, 30, 440. 703, 706, 707727
Zalilpie pow. Dąbrowa Tal'n. 700, 702
Ząb 702
Złaków Kościelny 34
Złotki Podl. 752, 753
Zlotniki Kujawskie 593, 597
Zubrzyca G. Podhale 703-727
Zubsuche 706
ELEMENTY FIZJOGRAFICZNE
I
I
I
I
Abawa 198
Amur 4'8
Boh 143, 145
Borystenes Dniepr 136, 143, 151
Bug 13,6, 13'7
Cisa 202
Dniepr 13'6, 137, 143, 144, 148, 150.
203, 207, 208
Dniestr 143, 154, 148, 150, 203
Don 145, 147, 148
Dunaj 143, 149, 202
Dźwill1a 195. 196. 197 2·08
~
ELEMENTY FIZJOGRAFICZNE
,I
J
r
Hiwasee 169
Hypanis..,Boh 143, 148. 150
Jenisej 140, 205
Jowa 164
Kama 51, 203
Maris, Marosz 143
Missisipi 162, 164
Missuori 162
Nass 162
Niemen 184, 194
Nur 137
Odra 141
Oka 205
P;eczora. Peczora 51. 63. 203
Porotwa 217
Prypeć 136, 137
Skeens 162
Tanais-Don 144
Tenesee 169
Tyras 143, 150
Wenta 198
Wołga '5'1, 144, 145, 151, 188, 189
Ocean AtłJanty.cki 164, 166
Oceania 102
Zalew Kuroński 198
Zatoka Fińska 193, 194, 195
Zatoka Hudsona 164
Zatoka KandaIax 204
Zatoka Ryska 101
Wyspy Aleuty 840
Wyspy Andamańskie 840
Wyspy Triobrand 104
Wyspa Faroer 668
Wyspa Ozylia, Oesel 188
Wyspa Runo 191, 209
R zek i
Bug, Narew
Bzura 415
531
W POLSCE
Dunajec 32
Noteć 593
Odra 449
San 24
1450
1451
Soła 558
Warta 414, 531
Wisła 448, 22, 141
Wisłok 515
Gór
y, d o] i n y, p u s z c z e
Babia Góra 630
Beskid 514, &26, 704
Beskid Żywiecki 555-582
Góra Jarmunt 729
Marynkowe Wzgórze n. Wisłokiem
51'5
Patria,. wzgórze 51'5
Rohacze 514
Staszowa Góra 729
Tatry 29, 32 514
Dolina Nowotarska 704
Dolina Raby 626
Dolina Sanu, Wisłoka 512
Dolina Skawy 626
Dolina Soły 626
Dolina Warty, Wisły i Sanu 700
Kotlina Orawsko-nowotarska
704
Lasy Iłżeckie521
Pojezierze Ma,,;urskie 136
Pole "miastowe" 612
Puszcze karpackie 556
Puszcza Kozienioka 5'19, 520
Puszcza Kurpiowska 519, 530, 53i
Puszcza Radomska 519
Puszcza Wyszkowska 530-'537
GRUPY I PODGUPY ETNICZNE
s z c z e p y, p l e fi i o n a, l u d y, n a r o d y
Aibazincy 836
A'bińcy 836
Abipony 836
Abchazowie 836, 867, 868
Adygejcy 837
Adzarcy 83'7
Agartysowie 143. 148
Agu1y 837
Ajnowie 889
Alanowie 1'51, 203
Albańczy:cy 838. 941-953
Aleuci 4'9, 79
Alidzonowie 143
Altajcy 62, 838
Anchetowie 150
Andamańczycy 838
Androfagowie 143. 148
Ąntowie 838
Amchary 838
Apacze 838
Arabowie 886. 971
Araukańczycy 838
Arowie, Arinowie 140, 141
Aryjczycy 838
Atapaskowie 839
Australczycy 42, 125, 1'26, 994
Awarowie 43, 203, 836, 903
Aymara 961-965, 1008, 1009
Arawakowie 838
Azerbajdżańcy 837
Azande 837
Aztekowie 839
Baganda 839
Bagirmi 838
Bagulaly 839
Bakairi 839
Balunda 839
Bałtyjskie szczepy 183. 839
Bałtowie 142. 183-241
Bantu, Semi-Bantu 156. 839, 982
Barongo 839
Barotse 839
Baskowie 839
T
I
~
I
Baszkirzy 203, 840
Becuani 84Q
Beduini 840
Bengalowie 840
Berberowie 840
Besermianie 840, BOO
Białoc:horwaci 840
Białokraincy 840
Białorusini 840
Birmań'Czycy 55
Biszarini 840
Bizantyjczycy 140
Bobrowianie '633
Baikin 985
Bororo 978-979
Botokudzi 841
Bretończycy 841
Brytowie 841'
Budinowie 134-148
Bu~garzy 43, 202~206, 840, 884, 901
Burgundczycy 841
Buriaci 45, 49. 841, 903, 906
Burowlie 841
.Burtasy 841
Buszmeni 825, 841, 992
Chakasowie 49, 907
Chantowie 55
Chorwaci 63
Celtoligurowie 140
Celtow.ie 15, 44, 80, 94, 673
Celtoiberowie 140
Cyganie61
Czeremisi 191, 204. 985
Czerkiesi 839, 856
Czudowie 208
Czukcze 45-<60, 906
C~wasze 202, 204, 851, 890
Damarowie 844
Dieri 979
Dołganowie 907
Dragowicze. Dregowicze
63. 2oo
Drewlanie 142
Dunganie 50
Emi, Elm 63
EskimoSi 59, 159, 202, 906, 907. 908
Estowie 51, 142
EStOI1J:ZYCy
185, 192-195. 209
Etruskowie 44, 54
Ewen'kowie - Tunguzi 851, 853-859.
901, 906, 907, 908
Finowie, Fenni, Finnoi,
142-148
- nadbałtyccy, 183-241
-, nadwołżańscy 189
185-196.
Gagau'Zowie 843
G3jda 843
Gajduki 843
Gallowie 8'43
Gandza 843
Gaueo 843
Gebry 843
,Gelonowie 145
Gendy 84,6
Germanie 15, 44, 189, 192, 844
Germinoni 61
Gilacy, Niwchowie 844
Goei 19'6, 844
Goldowie 844
Golędzinowie 2107
Grecy 44, 13,7,140, 246, 946
Grenlandczycy 49
Hanacy 843
Hawajezycy 843
Hellenowie 261
HisZJPanie 140
Holendrzy 844
Hunowie 43, 61, 203
Huroni 77
Ilirowie
56
1452
Indianie 43, 962-965. 985, 986. 1004,
1008
Indogermanie 100
Ingewoni 61
Inkowie 1008
Irokezi 43, 77, 164-166, 868
Isnegowie 978 9.83
Istewani 61
Italikowie 56
Itelmeni 906
Jadźwingowie 197, 217, 22'8
J,akuci 45, 49, '56. 60. 851. 859. 907
Jazgulemcy 878
Juczi 169-182
Kabardyńcy 862
Karakałpacy 62, 848, 888, 897, 898
K,araja 9'78, 97,9
Kare.1czycy, Karełowie 187, 190, 899
Karowie, Karejczycy 80
~cy
62, 844
Kirgizi 62
Komi 45,59, 63
KomHżemcy '51
Koreańczy1cy 906
Koriacy 49, 60, 906
Kozacy 62
Krywicze 195, 206
Ku:ba1czyńcy61, 896, 897
KumalD.dyńcy 890
Kurowie, Cori 197, 217
Kurykanie 852
Lachy 8
La'PończY'~y 183, 201 668, 986
Lamuci 906
Lepchowie 988
Litwini 51, 139, 198, 209, 213
Liwowie 51, 187-198
Lud Boikin, - Wawaek 98'5
- Bororo 978-79
- Wilkane 983
1453
Ludność Unii Poł.-Afrykańsk!ej
885
Ludy fińskie 184
- irańskie 189
- Kaukazu 1124-1127
- Khasi 981
- nadwołżańskie
1124--1127
- samojedzkie 48
- słowi.ańskie 57
- Syberii 45-49
_. tiursk:e 48 56
- tunguskie 47, 48
- ugrofiń~kie 185
- Wołgo-Kamia 48
Lykyj'czycy 78. 86
Omogoja 60
Orawiacy 629
Ormianie 840
Ostiaey 202
884,
Papuasi 42
Permiacy 63, 204
Persowie 144
Pieczyngowie, Peezeniegi 140, 149,
202, 203, 851, 87'5
Pima59
Plemiona: Bamangwato 860-861
_. chamkkie 80
- Dul-Dol 852
- DżeIaIawand 878
- Hupa 165
- Huron 165
- Indian 153, 182
.- Kilen, Kimo-Kima, Kure 852
- Mohawk 1'65
- Onondaga 165
- Seneca 165
Polanie 63
Polinezyjczyey 60
Polowey 140
Połtawia!Itie 206
Protosłowianie 141
Prusowie 185, 209. 905
Łotysze 51, 142, 209, 217, 234
Madziarzy 43
Mantowie 49
Mansi 49, 5'5
Maryj.ey 866
Melanchlajnowie 143, 148. 20'4, 205
Merianie, Mehrens 188
Meszezeriacy 2'05
Mikulaszanie636
Mołdawianie 56, 867
Mongołowie 204
Man-Khmer5,5
Mordwini, Mordens 188-205
Nanajey 49
Narody ZSRR 843, 84'7
Nawaje 59
Neńey, !p. Samojedzi 51, 59, 60, 851,
907
Neurowie 134-152, 183, 207
Nerwiowie 136, 150
Nganasanowie, 906, 907
Niwehowie. p. Gilacy 49
Oestrymnijezyey
Oguzy 851
140
Quiche 855
Romanie 15
Rosjanie 196
Rzymianie 43, 56, 137. 246, 262
r
I
SagaHbowie 146
Samojedzi, p. Neńey 47. 201-204
Sardyńczycy 56
Sartowie 60
Sauromaci 144. 148
Seytowie 138, 143-148, 189
Sefes 140
Sele. Seleni. Selenowie. 196. 217
Serbowie 139, 141, 151
Siewierzanie 63, 142
Siuxowie 159-162
Slaniczanie 633
Słowa~y 62~634
Słowianie 15, 57, 134--152. 188. 191,
196, 242-256, 1014-1019
Słowienie nowogrodzcy 195
Sojoei 205, 890
Suomi 186-188
Szczep Amue'Sha 1003
-. Ba- Yaka 987
- Bikom'994
Campa 1003
- Mailu996
- Murutow 993
- Koita 996
-. Nuer 996
Szeklerzy 203
Szorcowie 56, 851, 890
Szwedzi 209
Tadżykowie, Tadżyk i 844. 848
Tagusy 60
Tai 55
Tatarzy 5,15, 516, 890, 896, 907
Taurowie 148
Teleuci 890
Trakowie 5'6
Tntenianie
636
Tuaregowie 9'73
Tubalarzy890
Tuje 980
Tunguzi 851, 852, 907
Tupi 978, 9179
Turcy 56
TUl'kmeni 56, 62, 848
Tuwińcy 48, 56
Tybetańczycy 876
Twerycze 190-210
Udmurtowie.
908-912
Udmurci
48. 840, 898.
1454
Ugrofinowie 185
UZJbecy62, 848, 860
Uzowie 140
Wenedowie 842
Węgrzy '202, 842
Wiatycze 843
Wielkorusi 139, 142. 195, 196 842
Wikingowie 191. 197
Wizygoci 842
Wogułowie, Woguli 202, .842
Wolyniacy, Wolynianie 206, .843
Wotiacy, Wotiaki 139. 146, 147, 203.
204, 843
Wotowie 194
Zyrianie 146, 147, 202-204
Zubrohlawcy 00'3
Żydzi 17, 877 878
Vachancy, Tadżycy842
Venetowie 137
Wagry 841
Walijczy!cy 842
Walooowie 56
Wał.asi 841
Wandalowie842
Waregowie 842
Weddowie 14, 112, 12'5
Polskie
grupy
etnograficzne
i regiony
INDEKS OSOBOWY
NAZWISKA LUDOWE, MIESZCZAŃSKIE
Adamczyk
W., chlap 73,0
Baca Wiktor,ia,inform.
701
Bemasiuk W., roln·jk 748
Borowski, kowal 752
Buczków rodzina 630
Byrtek J,an, chłop 627
Górale 8
Górale Szczawniccy 728-735
Górale Tatrzańscy 31
Podhale 12, 29-32, 79, 81, 83, 627.
632, 635-638,
703-72(7, 10381041
Cholewka drelicharz
Ciesielki 72'8
Góral'ElŻywieccy 627
Lasowiacy lO56-1058
Lipniczanie 633
PodhaJJanie 714
Rzeszowiacy 1056-1058
Galicja 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 2.4
Kiel€l2kie 654
Kujawy 583-610, 1176-1178
Kurp~e 11, 519
Lubelskie 45,7
Łowickie 821
Podhale Skalne 29, 32
PodlaS'ie Zachodnie 746-754
Pomorze Zach. 821
Rzeszowskie 654
Dafczykowscy, kupcy 633
Dobosz Mateusz 527
Dzierlatka,
Antoni, Jakub,
Wawrzyniec 526
D.ziubkowie, bUchane 631
MałQPo1ska 7, 15, 18, 20, 242.. 256,
445, 448, 457
Mazowsze 24, 340--438. 462. 519, 527
Mazowsze Płockie 546-551
Orawa 29
Sandomiersz'czyzna 701
Śląsk 454, ~f2, 613-625, 670, 104(1-1053
Wielkopolska 22, 24, 340-438,
645. 10'56-1068
Ziemia Chełmińska 24
Ziemia Lubuska 453
Ziemia Łowicka 35
Ziemie Odzyskane 22
Ży\viecczyzna 555-582
642,
e30
Józef.
Galasów rodzina 630
GalasowS1cy, kupcy633
Ga~da (Gwiżdż Feliks) 72,6
Giądło, blich.arz 631
Gozdol Marcin ,chł~p 611
Gra-lec A{jam, ,chłop 527
Hai'car, Shomer Somer 729, 730
Herma, drelicharz 630
Jałowiec IP'rzyd. 728
J.an, owczarz z Malic 554
Janoszek Grzegorz 627
Jura Albin 627, 633
Jura. dreliichiarz 630
KaloI1czykowie, drełicharze 630
Kamiński Wojdech, Ichłop 589
Kapłon Maria 70.6, 714
Kawalec Józef,chłop
527
Kępa W., drukarz 616
Kleczaj Antoni, chłop 529
Klinowscy, rodz. 630
Klos 729
Kohuthów, rodzina 630
Kompantkowie, :rodz. 630
Konwa Stach - !kurp. 11
Kościalipowie, rodz. 6,30
Kozak Ignacy 631
Kubicowscy, rodz. 633
Kula Tomasz, góral 722
Kupczyk Adam .i 'Ignacy 631
Kurek Błażej i Paweł 526, 527
Lipowski, bHchiarz 631
Liska Stani'Sław637
Maohajcok Jan 636
Majol1czykowie, rodz. 728
MaIinowscy, rodz. 728
Mańkowski A. 540
Marek Kizimierz 526
Marek Toma'Sz,chłop 526
Masny Wojtek, góral 637
Mastals·cy, rodz. 728
Michał, owczarz z Ro~pę.dka 554
Michał, owczarz Z Dobieszewa 554
Michniok Józef 636. 637
• Zestawienie przydomków górali szczawnickich 92
I .INNE *
na str. 730-735
•. ,.r.'.
1457
1456
Mikuł 798
Misiaga (Salomon) 728
Moskwa Wojciech, chłop 53'6
Mrugała Maria 706, 714, 723, 724
Murin Antoni, Maciej, kupcy 630
Napierski-Kostka
1040-1046
Nieuczyk Sebastian, Ichłop 527
Obrochta Bartuś 30, 31
Obrochta Ja,centy 635
Odrobiniacy, rodz, '63'0
Pa,cek FeHks, chłop 526
Pawele.c Kazimierz inf. 711
lPiecy;k 729
Pieolche Michał 543, 545
PUchowa Wanda inf. 631
Piotr,owczarz z SieI1nik 5'54
Piotrowski, d·rełicharz ,630
Pojtków rodz. 63Q
PocLgórna 729
Prebicz Johan, młynarz 543
Pryciak Wojlciech, chłop 527
Przewożny Piotr 749
Pypla, przyd. 728
Sabs.a Adolf, kowal 752
Sakulezykowscy, kupcy 633
SerwatowSlki, kowal 752
Siwiec Walenty, Adrian, chłop. 52.6
Ska'rpetowski Lucjan i Tadeusz 748,
749, 754
Skiba Adrian, Szymon, Franciszek,
Mikołaj, Maciej, chł. 526, 527
Skwara Rozalia 616
Skwara' Józef, chłop 616, 625
Skycak Ferek 630, 633
Słowiki 728
Sobotka S., rolnik 747
Spadło Franciszek 527
Stepanow, rodz. 670
Styk Jan, chłop527
Szalay Józef 729
Szambera Adam, chłop 528, 529
Szefler Krzysztof, Wojciech, oWIczarze
543, 545
Szulc Ma'rcm, owczarz 544
Szymalczykowie, drehcharze 630
Alminauskis W. 220, 239
Alesa M. 915
Amnianus Marcellinus 1it6, 137, 150,
222
Andr;eanov B. W. 884, 886
Anisimow A. F. 1l0. 853, 854, 903,
008
Antoniewicz A33
Anucin D. N. 889
Antti Aame 781
Arcichowskij A V. 889
Arciszewski A. 839
AJI1chutowski S. 108
Armon Witold 889-908
AJrnold st. 439, 1029-31
Artamonow M. A. III
Ashmole Eliasz 306
Atkinson W. W. 258
Aubrey 328
Aufenanger H. 983
Awerkiewa T. P. 892
Av~;;enna (Abu-Ali-ibn-Sina)
656,
657, 848
Avien R. F. Avienus 139, 140
Telczak Jan, 62'7
U1mic Jan,
544, 545
Mid,hał, owczarze
543,
Węglarze 728
Wici:k Franciszek 528
Wieczorek Józef, płóciennik 635
Wiercioch, G. S. 7.25, 729
Wloszakowie, rodz. 630
Wnęk Jan, ~UJPiec 630
Wojdechowski,
kowal 752
Wojcieszek Bartłomiej, inf. 702
Wojtyło Apolonia 700
Babachanov I. 877
Bach A 8'09, 810, 812
Bachofen 66-t33, 255
Bachulski A 519
Bader O. 866
Baissac J. 2'97
Balasa E. 968
Balcer O. 242, 439, 446, 450, 853
BaldockRadulf
298
Baliński 25'6
Bang W. 140, 152
Barabasz S. 716, 726
Baran L. 968, 919
Baran Władysław 12
Baranowski Bohdan 515, 516,538545, 1031-1035, 1096
Baranowski I. T. 344 473, 564, 1029
Barbroocke W. Grubb 337
Zachwieja 7213
Zając Jan, Omielarz, góral 709, 723
Zgaga Stanisław, chłop 529
2iskowie 611
Żyszkiewiczów
rodzina
611
INDEKS AUTOROW
Abraham W. 242
Adelung J. Ch. 78, 302
Agrippa
Korneliusz
z
275
Ajdukiewicz K. 665
Nettesheim
As.kimowa M. S. 891
Albisetti C. 984
Alechin W. W. 145
Aleks,androw B. 876
d'Alembert 831
•
92*
Barda~h 446
Barrance Małgorzata 312
Barrett F. 322
Barth Frederi:k 995
Bartsch Karl 288, '291
Bartucz L. 202, 239
Bastian A. 97, 9a, 255
Batchelol' J. 697
Batorowicz ZdzisJaw 1103
Baudoin 265
Baumann F. 743
La Baume W. 239, 668
Baumgart Richard 746
Bebel A 98
Becqu,lrt Maurice 974
Beebe W. 739
Behm H. W. 741
Al Bekri 230
Bekker Baltazar 311
Bekwark 28
Belicer V. N. 48, 890, 898, 908-912.
Bell E. 297 1046
Benedykt Polak 1035
Berg Gosta 827
Ber,g L. 863
Berger H. 20
Bernacki LudwLk 257
Bernard 456
Berndt R. M. 979
BerndtowieR.
M. 'i C. H. 980, 988
Bernhoft F. 92,98, 100
Bernouilli carl A 32'5
Bernsztajn A. N. 888
Bertels E. E. 951
Berthop J. 974
Bessmer Julius 257
Besterman Teodor 258, 292, 293, 307,
309, 316, 333, 334. 338
Biels;ki Marcin 651, 659
Bieniarzówna Janina 475, 1041-1044
Biernacka Mar:a 1103, 1104
Birlinger A 297
Bisch Paul 970
1458
14f)9
Bieszczani:n M. 1205, 1206
Browne T. 294
de la BIache Paul Vidal 811
Brager A. 671
Blackstone W. 78
Le BrunPierre
328
Blajda Czesław 700
Brunhes Jean 811
Blaszyński Wojciech 638
Bruożis A. 905
Blese 239
Briiclmer Aleksander
221, 239, 464,
Bles'sington Lady 323
1020-1023, 1029, 1045
Blinov A. 1. 892
Bujak Franciszek
7-26,
242, 439,
Bloch 146
440, 447, 556, 726
Blomkwist E, 868
Budanov Władimirski 852
Blumówna Helena 120'5
Buga Kaz. 229, 231, 234, 236, 223, 195,
Blummer 67'3
217, 239, 241
Bunak V. 873, 87'5
Blaszczyk Sta'llisław 117&---1183
Burch-and RrZJemy,slaw 701, 702,
Boas F. 162, 163, 165, 169, 170, 171.
746-754
179, 336, 840
Burgman A. 983,988.
Bodin Jan 76, 27,6, 295
Burian E. F. 919
Boehm E. 447, 448, 450, 452, 453
Burszta
Józef 439-498,
530-537,
Bogoraz-Tan W. 840, 858
726, 1044, 11045,1049-1053
Bohm F. 259, 300
Buschan G. 695, 696
Bohm J, 927, 92'9
Buslajew F. I. 93
Boissard E. 295
Butinov N. A. 855, 869, 900, 901, 902
Boj,an ,841
Butler A. 33'3
Bojarsk J. 1085
Butler Samuel 310
.Boriskovskij P. r. S05
Buytendij;k F. J. J. 745
Bornemann F.983
Bużkova J. 921
Borocco Herman (PauHnus von LoeBucher K. 20
rach) 988
Byg Wilian 298
Bosma B. 77
Bykowski L. J. 1010
Bossuet J. B. 76
Bystroń
J. S. 654, 773, 810
Boueek V. 919, 922
Bourke J. G. 336
Cagllostro 29'6
Bovet P. 742
Camerarius Joachim 276
Brandes 255
Cardanus Hieronimus 268, 275
Brandt Kar1670
Cams F. A. 7'9
Brandwajn Rachmiel 1094-1096
Casaubon Meric 306
Braun A. 519
Cassiodor 220
Breu ił H. 985
Castren A. 141
Briffault R. 106.. 108
de Castro Christoph. 328
Brinton D. G. 335
Celtis Konrad 270, 271
Broda Józef 555-582
Chaloupecky V.550
Brodnew M. M. 851
Chałasiński Józef 485, 490
Broniewski,i S. 856
Chalubiński T. 555, 707
Chan-Mahomedow
S. 861, 888
Chapple E. D. 109
Cha'rcot 297
Charuzin N. N. 100
Chełchowski K. 722, 72'6
Chełmińska J. por. Swiątkowska 3335, 109, 1096
Oheron G. M. 693
Chętnik Adam 519, 1084
Chmielowski Benedykt 655, 657
Chodakowski Zorian D. 666
Chomętowski W. 480, 557
Chomiński 27
Chatek K. 817, 920
Chybiński
Adolf Eustal~hy 27-32,
1083, 10'87
Cimochowski Wacław 941-9'53
Ciołek Gerard 460, 1084
Ciszewski Stanisław 111, 107
853, 1034, 1101, 1164
Clark M. C, 993
Cochet J. B. D. 294
Ch. Le Coeur 974
Cohen M. '698
Collin de Plancy J. 294
Condol'cet 78
Cook Taylor W. 79
Coon C, S. 109
Cooper 1006
Cosentini F. 106
Crecelius W. 289
de Crequi'-Monfort
Georges 961965
Osorba 1089
Cybulski Napoleon 726
Campbell A. 989
Cuenot R. P. 973
Cumberland P. 76
Cunow li. 100, 101
Curle Adam 997
Ourtius E. 92
Czemecki- Walek 25
Czarnowski Stefan 33, 496
•
I
Czarnowsky O. 471
Czasznicka Zofia 789, 1202
Czeboksarow N. N. por. Ceboksarow
38, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, '52, 54, 55, 58,
64, 59, 60, 61, 63
Czekanowski ,Jan 183-241, 895, 1010,
1011, 1012
Czerniecow. W. N, 55, 60
Czerny':'Schwarzenberg
14, 20
Cziczerin B. N. 81
Czubek Jan, 12, 440
CU'll~YĆV. 990
Ceboksarov N. N. 891, 900
Cemecow V. N. 892
Cerny W, 924
Dal Wł. 139
Dalton 309
Damborsky Jih 914-930
Dargun L. 92, 98, 1019
Darwin Ch. 91, 742
Daszewski I. S. 885
Daszyń'ska-Golińska
Zofia 726
Dawidek V. 451, 922
Davidson J. 293
DayI' A. 94
Dą<bikowski 242,518, 650
Debec G. F. 838, 852, 906, 892, 894,
895
Dee John 2'65, 284, 286, 302-310
Defrance E. 2'95
Dekowski Jan Piotr 499, 1195-1197
Delatte Armand 259, 267, 324
Delbrilck U. B. 100
Delbrius Martinus 275, 295, 328
Dembowski Jan 116, 742
Deresiewicz J. 324, 463
Dessoir Max 258
Diderot 831
Diefenbach 248, 249, 255
Dietrich Albrecht 263
Dlugosz 659, 662. 666
DlugopoIski 416
1460
DmochQwski W. 665
Dobri.akow A. W. 80
Dobrowolska A. 104&-1948, 1088
Dobrowolska M. 439, 816
Dobrowolski Kazimierz 24, 439. 445,
447, 448, 449, 451, 457, 700, 705,
706, 709, 726
Do1gich B. 841, 893, 894, 903, 907
Dombrowski E, 520
Dops'ch A. 1017
Dorneus Gerardus 278
Dottin G. 140
Doutte E. 333
Driver H. E. 983
Drozdowski Z202, 205, 239
Dubois S. J. 697
Dułov W. I. 883
DuniC'z 27
Durkheim E. 106
Dvornik F'rall1ciszek 196
Dynowski Witold 1077, 1083
Dyrenikowa N. P. 110
DzieduS'zycki Tadeusz 17, 20
Dzięgiel Leszek 74'6-754
Ebert W. 445, 446, 447, 454, 1047
. Eckstein F. 80, 91, 92, 100
Ehrenfels U. R. 981
Egorow W. G. 851
Efimenko A. J. 852
Eichhorn K. F. 81
ELldermann H. 120
Einhard 226
E1phistoll1e M. S. 81
Endzelin J. 217, 189, 221, 239, 230
Engel C. 239
Engels Fr. 36, 43, 106, 110, 114, 117,
120, 129, 131, 132, 67, 68, 72, 73.
81, 86 88, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
100, 101, 103, 475,525, 832, 833.
849, 850, 1101
Ephraim H. 677 678, 682, 695
Erhard S. 209, 239
1461
Frater Achad (C. Stansfield Jones)
258
Frazer J. G. 104
Frankel L. 300
Freislebenowa K. 917
Fremersdorf 673
Friedrichs K. 98
Frobenius L. 692, 695, 697, 984
Froelkh A. 982
Frołow G. G. 881
Furtak T. 24
Fustel de Coulange 94
Futterer K. 697
Evers J. Ph. G. 81
Ezanus F. J. 983
Fabricius J. A. 329
Fabrycy z Żywca 28
Fagg Wiliam 994
FaJjkowski Jan 746, 751, 1010
Fatio V. 743
Faust Jan 273, 274
Faqiga Ibn al- 151
Fedorov V. V. 890
Feldhaus 674
Feicht 27
Ferguson A. 78
Fernholm Hiika;n 990-992
Fetter Wojciech 940, 941
Fierich J. 449
Fijałek Jan 12, 12, 1035-1038
Filip Jan 916
Filmer R. 76
Fiorth Raymond 996
Fischer Adam 446, 530, 792, 905.
1047
Fischer A. von Waldgejn 146
Fiscllel'owa Emi,lia93&-941
Fitzner-Gam;per 483
Flacons Valedus 142
de Flacourt S. 339
Flavios Josephos 327
Flegel E. 19
Floe:icke K, 738, 745
Fontenelle 311
Forrer R. 613
Fortunatov 102'3
Fourier Ch. 79
Fourneau 973
Francie Mirosława 581
Frankiewiezowa R. 1010
Frankowska
Maria
855~878, 971,
809, 814, 974, 1108-1135
Frankowski Eugeniu'sz 746, 798, 831
847, 908~12, 1076, 1077
Gabain A. V. 982
Gacki 519
al Gaihani 152
Gajek Józef 242-256, 341, 517, 767797, 79 8-806, 809, 812, 814, 816,
817, 818, 1044--1048, 1057, 10681069, W96
Gajewski Czesław 612
Gałanza P. N. 1017
Ga'ns:iniec Ryszard, Ganszyniec 257339
Gaster Moses 329
Gavazzi Milovan 672, 673, 675
Geijer Herman 827
Georgi J. G. 77
Gen€)? A. 696
Geramb V. 989
Gerla·ch Jan 441, 442, 443, 450, 457,
4'66, 468
German 94
Gerstner A. 982, 9B5
Gerulis G. 217, 218, 225, 226, 229.
232, 239, 904
GillZlburg V. V. 892, 895
Gifford W. 321, 741
GiglioH E. 333
Glanvil Joseph 319
Glapa Adam 639-646, 798, 1060,
1068, 1084--1088
1
r
Glauner Wilhelm 602, 604, 605
Gloger Zygmunt 524, 525, 530, 1029,
1034, 1035
Gładykowska J. 205, 239
Gładysz Mieczysław 1088
Gmelin J. G. 77
Gniadek Stanisław 1094--1096
Gcdelmann Joannes Georgius 275
Goehrtz E. 480
Goethe 292, 296
Goetsch W. 740, 7411,744
Goetze A. 695
Goguet A. J. 78
Goldston W. 258
Golębiowski Ł. 659
Gomolec Ludwi:k 105f>-1066
Goodseill W. 109
Goal D. V. 989
Goodrich Freer A. 257, 325
Gorbaczewa N. P. 128, 854, 1046
Gorczycki 28
Gorki M. 932-934
Gorodcow V. A. 846
Gostomski Anzelm 533, 649, 10261029
Goszczyński 726
Goikiewilcz Marian 626,-634. 635638
Gottfriicos Kazimierz 1192
Gourhan Andre Leroi 955-963
Gu ttówna Teres.a n05
Górkiewicz M. 24
Górski K. 520
Gonyey S. 990
Grabowski Józef 853. 1079-1094
Graebner F. 102
Granowskij T. N. 81
Grau R. 107
Graul H. 458
Graus F. 929
Green R. 315
Gregory W. 309
Grekow B. D. Ill. 845
1462
Gl'eniuk P. 1086, 1088, 1200
Gr.iaule M. 698
Grimm Jacob 81. 269
Grinkowa N. P. 696, 850
Groicki B. 650
Grosse U. E. 101
Grunau Szymon 218
Grzegorczyk Piotr 1089
Guagnin Al. 648, 656, 657, 658
Guaman Poma de Ayala Felipe 697
Gudkowa-Senkevic
V. 869
Guenther K. 741
Guillaume A. 329
Guizot F. 81
Gurvic I. 877
GUl'wicz M. M. 851
Gusev V. 877
Gust.awicz B. 700, 702
Gutenberg 259
Gutkowski W. 350, 352
Haas Mary R. 158, 167
Haberlanctt A. i M. £95, 696
Hadrian 261
Haekel J. 978
Hammerstedt Edward 826
Hansen J05. 267, 269, 272
Hansen W. 671
Harmjanz H. 239
Ha,rt W. H. 302
Hartland E. 105. 108
Hartlieb Jan 269
Hartmann Ju1'ius 278
Harrington Joannes 317
Hastings (Encyclop.aedia of Religion
and Ethics) 258
Haupt K. 290, 291
Haul' J. K. 655, 1025
Hazelius Artur 826. 829. 830
Hiiufler L. 480
Hebbel 292, 297
Hedemann 0.537
Hegel G. W. 79
1463
Heissig W. 977, 982
Hej'nosz Wojciech 511-517
Hekat.aios 136
Hellwald F. 91, 98
Hemmerlin Feliks 268
Hennings J. Ch. 290
Henryk von Veldeke 292
HEnryk z Łotwy 219. 234
Hensel Witold 669, 678, 695
HerakHusz 244
Hel1:en 877
Herman Otto 990
Hermanaryk
188, 196
Herodot 134-152, 204, 205, 208, 221,
248, 685, 690
Heitner A. 810. 811, 812
Heyerdahl Thor. 698
Hildebrandt G. 1052
Hingston R. W, G. 740
Hrpokrates 146
Hirt H. 105, 186., 200, 216
Hładyłowicz K. J. 24
Hobbes Tomas:z 76, 78
Hochholzer H. 816
Hoffm.an E. T. A. 293
Hoffmann Krayer 661, 1947
Hohlhausen H. 986
Hoijer H. 164, 165, 166, 167
Hołowkiewicz E. 562
Hołub-PRcewiczowa
Z. 726
Hołubianka Z, 726
Hołubo\vicz Włodzimierz 1068-1061ł
Home.H. 78
Hemel: 248
Homolacs K. 1085
Hcnigmann J. J. 985
Hoops r.a. 737
Hoszowski St. 24,26
Hottemoth 1046, 1048
Howell P. 997
Hozka L. 921
Hube J, 81
Hume 67
Hupka 20, 22
Hilbner A. 818
Hilllmann K. D. 81
II
Ibrahim ibn Jakub 230, 519
Ilberg J. 292
Ilvolf Fr. 289
Imme.r H. 100
Inglot Stefan 24, 25, 26, 439, 1026.
1029
Ittmann Leszek 981
Jabłonowski A. 485
Jabłoński Marcin 631
Jadrincew N.689,697
Jakimow W. P. 118
Jakovlev N. F. 892
James Wiliam 742
Jan z Salesbury 264
Janet Pierre 257, 258
J an'icek 631
Janik Michał 25
Janikowska Eleonora 12'05, 1206
Jan'kuhn Herbert 671
Jannsen J. W. 227
Janosz Janko 990
Jasko N. 877
Jaskula'Iika Aniela 1103
Jastrzębowski
W. 109Q
Jaworska - Korpczy1'J.s:ka Bronisława
1102
Jaworski Z. 712, 726
Jeffreys M. D, 994
Jefimienko ;p. P, 111, 112, 118, 120.
121, 122, 124, 125, 127
Jefimow W. W. 94
Jendyk Rościsław 190, 209, 238
Jenisch D. 79, 80
Jenness D, 338
Jenslch G. 450
Jensen A. E. 984
Jerabek A. 921
Jettmar K. 981
.Joannes 1rierus 269
Joel Fr. 29'5
Johl C. H, 674, 677, 695
John Alois 291
Johnston H. 156
Jana\! O. V. 908
Jonson Ben. 315
Jonston J. 648
JOl'danes 188, 205, 219, 223,
Jostowa Wanda 703~727
Joul'dier August 746
Junkova H, A. 738
Junod H. A. 728
226
Kaczmarczyk Z. 439
Kaczorowska Blanka 1202, 1207
Kadlec K. 467
Kadłubek 247
Kagarov E, G. 109
Kais·er K. 809
Kajgorodnv D, 145
Kaletka Adam Henryk 552-554
Kalina J, 189, 239
Kal'iszewski 636
Kałaczov N, B. 81
Kałoew N. N. 867
Kamińska J. 670
Kamykowski 1087
Kantor J. 709, 711. 716, 717, 718, 719
720, 726
Ka'l'łowicz Jan 379, 441, 455. 494, 514,
463, 730. 767
Karłowicz Mieczysław 28
Karpiński Fr, 1010
Karpiński J, J. 530
Karondżałov Dymitr 935. 936
Karsten T. E. 191, 239
Kasa J. 918
Katanow N. F. 141
Kaufmann H, 900
Kautsky K. 92, 95
Kawelin K. D. 80, 81
Kavuljak Andrej 626
14t)4
Kelles Kraus 101
Kellner 922
Kemble J. M. 81
Kemp Malone 240
Kepka R. 921
Kersten Karl 670
KClIJprulian Wójcik 27
Keyser E. 814
Kędzierska Z. 52'0
Kiełczew:ska M. 439
Kiersnowski R. !517
Kiesewetter Carl 258, 27,6, 302
Kimakowicz- Winnicki 667, 668, 671,
689..696
Kiparsky V. 183-241
Kirchmeyer
Tomasz (Thomas Neo··
georgius) 277
Ki<rchner Athanasior 648
Kimkowa T. A. 104'6
Krsielew S. W. 689, 697, 887
Kislakow N. 67, ·69. 70 75
Kittredge GeOl'g Layman 259
Kle'czaj A. 527
Klein F. F. 714, 715, 726
Klemm G. 7'80
Kljasstomyj '8. 875
Klimek Stanisław 18,5. 1010
Klonow.rcz Sebastian,
Fabian
651,
1024, 1026
Klose K. 520
Kluk ,K. 664
Klusak K. 922
Kłoskowska A. 814, 816
Koenigswader
L. J. 80
Kohler J.98
Kofler L. 968
Kolago Władysława 1084, 1088
Ko1ankow:>ki Zygmunt 518--529, 530.
534,546-551
Kolar A. 917
Kolb G. F. 80
Kolberg 28, 31, 647, 516, 654, 657, 767.
920, 1026, 1068, 1185, 1087, 28
1465
Koller Oswald 28
Komoniecki Andrzej 481, 482, 660,661
Komorowski Mikołaj 55·9
Koniń.ski Karol L. 25
Konopka Józef 707, 716, 727
Kopac J. 917
Kopp H. 295
KOPlPers 852
Kopriva J. 917
Korbe C. A. 851, 863, 1084
Korzeniowski JÓ'zef 257
Kostrzewski Józef 519, 667--'676, 678,
695, 69'9, 905
Kostysz J. 1086
Koswen "M. O. 42, 66-133, 853, 854,
85'5, 8'1l9,'885, 902
Kotula Frarn<Ciszek 798, 1053-1056,
1084, 1086, 1184-1188
Kow.a~ew.skij M. M. 94, 98, 69, 100,
106, 856, 885
Kowalski T. 519
.~
Kozierows'ki 'Stan. 416
KczłQwska-Budkowa
Z. 439
Kohler W. 742, 743
Kotzchke R. 20
Kraemer A. 677, 695
Krajewska Janina 1166-1171
Kramarrk J. 918
Kraszernnilkov S. 77, 857
Krawcow N. l. 884
Kreutzirger
J. 516
Krohn Umari 28
Kron (Real Encyclopaedie) 264, 263
Kropotkin 1097
Kroyer 27
Królikowski J. 713, 727
KróHkowski Stefan 591
Krugłow A. P. 111
Krupja.nskaja V. 875
Kry<:zewski E. J. 111
Kryński A. 441, 514
Krzywicki L. 25, 33,519,
524, 525,
526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532, 533,
535, 536, 1101
Krzyżanowski Julian 781, 1025, 1083,
1086
Kucharska Jadwiga 1Hl3
Kucharski Eugeniusz 197, 240
Kudrjasov K. V. 890
Kudrjawcewa
M. 868
Kuftin W. K. 697
Kukier Rysza'l'd 117(l-1178
Kula W. 9'21
Kulczycki Jerzy 66, 135, 117, 899
Kun A. S. 886
Kunz G, F. 294, 309
Kunz Ludwik 934, 93'5
Kuraszkiewicz Władysław 461, 464
Kurkowa Zofia 701
Kuszner
(Kny,szew) P. 1. ·862, 903,
1017, 1046
Kuśmiderski
Tadeusz612
Kutna l' F. 917, 918
Kutrzeba Stanisław 14, 440, 472, 473,
520,530,534,
536,537, 540
Kutrzeba Anna 1049
KUhne Georg 746, 752
Kwaprs·zewski J. 519
Kyslakov L. R. 983
Laband94
Labuda Gerard 809-823
Ladenber.g Tadeusz 24
Lafargue P. 98
Lafitau J. F. 67. 77, 78, 86
Larnpre1cht K. 20, 98
Piotr de Lancre 296
Landsfeld H. 921
Lang Andrew 257, 2'58, 333, 325
Lalik Tadeusz 446
Lauferski A, 520
Lauterbach R. 482, 483
Lavachery U. 974
854, 899
Lebiedieva I. N., Lebedeva N. W.
Leboeuf J. P. 971
Leciejewski Jan 524, 525,530, 534
Lefren J. P. 8205
Legobien Ch. 77
Lehmacher G. 986
Lehmann Alfred 257
Lelewel J. 518
Lencewicz S. 439
Lenok-Chevitsch
:P. ,974
Lennan Mc 68, 89,90,91, 93, 95, 97. 255
Lenin 36, 4'5, 72, 88, 95, 106, 110, 114.
117, 834, '835, 836, 839, 849. 951
Leonardo da Vinci 648
Leontowicz 853·
Lepsius C. R. i69'6
Lepucki H. 24
Leriche A. 971
Leszczycki S. 727
Letosnikov.a L. 922
Lewicka-Kowalska
Anna 1004-1009
Lewicki Anatol 13
Lew~cki M. 151
Lewicki T. 146
Lewin M. G. 47, 852, 858, 875 889,
892, 900, 903, 1124
Lewiński Ka1rol 614
Lexa Fr. 2'64, 333
Lhote H. 972
Li'b1szews'ka Zofia 1035-1038
Ligers Z. 991
Lilly W. 3,16
Linde B. 379, 441, 494, 514, 581. 665
Lissa 27
Lom F. 919
Lorens Antoni 515
Lorentz F. 240
Lcth E. 33
Lowie R. H. 104, 107
Lubbock J. 91, 93
Ludwig otto 293, 297
Lucas 685, 690, 696, 697
I..Juther Marcin 265, 273
I"
I
1466
Lutyński J. 814, 816, 1017. 1019
Łowrov P. Ł. 93
Ławrov L. 1. 882
Łepkowski J. 475, 476
Łobaczewski 27
Łowmiański
li. 439, 446, 452, 905
Łoziń,ski W. 516, 665
Łuczak Czesław 583, 610
Łuczycki 1. W. 852
Lun iewsk i Tymoteusz 751
Maas R. 47,6
Maciej-ewski W. A. 81, 465, 1026
MaeterN!nck Maurice 258
Mager F. 52'0
Magryś Franciszek 25
Maisne H. S. 94
lVHkłucho Makłaj N. N. 889, 11061114
Maksimow 845
Maksymow A. N. 106
Malczewski R. 30
MaJ.ewska Zofia 767, 847-855,
899.
912--914, 930-936
Mal'i'cki Longin 613-625
Malinowski Bronisław 104, 105. 153.
900, 996, 1101
Małyszczyki Stanisław 596, 601
Mańkowski A. 520
rVlannhardt W. 825, 826
Manninen 1. 145, 146, 696, 990
Manugiewilcz 1089, 1164-1166
Manugiewicz
Jan Żołna 1053-1056.
58, 59
Mark» 36, 68, 72, 81, 86, 88, 94. 95,
96, 832, 833, 849, 1094
Marlowe 315
Man 37, 38, 39, 62, 110, 153, 850. 872
Martianu» Capella 150
Martiny R. 447, 448, 454, 459
Marquart J. 140, 152
Masłova G. S. 857. 867
Masłowski J. 439
1467
Mason Otis T. 1004
Massinger Filip 266
Massudi 851
Matlakowski
W. 710, 724, 727
Mattheos z m. Urhy 140
Matuszewski
Józef 1014-1019
Matyas K. 449
Mauchamp E. 333
Mauer G. 1. 81
Maull O. 816
Maunier 1101
von Maurer L. 465
Mauriange Edith 966, 967
Maurizio A. 583, 708, 709, 710, 714,
727
Mavrodin V. V. 240
Maxwell J. 258
Maydell K. 4'53, 454, 479, 483, 484
Mazzarella G. 98
Mead Mar,garet 109'8
Meisner A. 455, 457, 484, 481
Megas Georges A. 967-969
Mekhe A, 288
Meilet A. 186
Meiners Chr 7'8
Meitzen A. 20, 15, 449, 451, 456, 470.
475, 480
Melanchton Filip 275, 276
Melikset-Bekow
L, M. 110
Melville J. 258
Merker M. 738
MetrauxRhoda
999
Meyer H. E. 291
Michajło\': M. K. 93
Michajłowskij
107 •
Michalski 1. 1010
Mierczyński S, 32
Miklosich 243, 255
Mikkola J. J. 190. 191. 192. 195. 226,
227. 240
Milewski Tadeusz 154, 229, 231. 233,
240, 217. 196,. 214, 218, 789. 850,
961-965, 1019-1021
J
l
ł
Millar John 67-68, 78, 86. 95
Miller G. T. 77, 140
Miller W. F. 93
Milsztejn E. 1089, 1115
Milonow 1. P. 465
Miłonov N. P. 854
Mitkowski Józef 1024-10'29
de Molina Christoval 335
MoMor A. 740
de Monfreid 741, 742, 744
Monogarowa 1. F. 888
Montandon G. 678, 680, 681, 682, 695
Montesqueu 78
de Montfaucon B. D. 294
Moor John 67
Morant G. M. 202, 240
Morgan L. H. 43,6'8, 74, 81, 86, 90,
91, 96, 97, 99, 108, 255, 858, 849,
856
Morrison R. E. 323
Moszyński K. 134, 152, 343, 345, 346,
348, 352, 583, 674, '675, 695, 696,
7'00, 727, 736, 746, 792, 810, 814,
81'7, 920, 990, 102{)-1023, 1101
Moser J. 78
Muhamed al Chrezmi 850
Murdock G. p. 107, 986
Muller F. 101
MiiHer Fr. 164, 165
Mydlar,ski Jan 1010, 1112, 1113
Myers F. W. H. 257
Nachtigall H. 978
Nagel 80
Nahlik A. 526, 670
Nahodil Otakar 93'2-933
Namaczyńska
S. 24
Namysłowski B. 530, 532, 533
Namysłowski Bolesław 524. 525, 526.
528
Narbuj; Teodor 652
Nan K. J. 981, 985
Nasz Adolf 670. 699. 1104-1106
Naude G., 295
O'Neale L. M. 692
Necles H. 989
Nerman B. 227, 240
Nestor 232, 233, 234
Nesturch M. 838
Nesselman 211, 225
Nevermann H. 679, 684, 691, 692, 694,
69>5,696, 697
Neuburger
A. 696
Neumann Caspar 329
Nędza Kazimierz, Ch. 636
Niebuhr B. G. 81
Nii:ola..s F. J. 979, 982
Niederle Lubor 142, 184, 205, 222,
237, 240, 672, 904, 914, 915, 916,
920, 1046, 1136
Niedosziwin G. 1070, 1076, 1083
Niedźwiecki W. 441, 514
Nikolskaj.a L. A.853
N iszczy.c.ki Krzysztof 518. 619
NOI'denf.alk Carl 1159
Nordens:ki6ld Erland 1004, 1005
Noreen A. 227, 240
'Norris H. T. 995
Northcote W, Thomas 257
Nowacki J. 000
Nowakowski St. 609, 810, 815
Nowicki M, 715, 727
Noviceva A. 876
N6rlu:nd Pau1671
Nuttal Z, 334
Oberme'ier H. 985
Ochmański Wladyslaw 727
Ochrymowicz W. 98
Ogniew S. A. 145
Okł,adnikov A. P. 111, 851
OIaus Magnus 142
Olbrich Karl 292
Olczak 798
Olderogge D. A. 839. 901. 902. 903
Olescuk F. 839
1468
Olson R. 695
'Optołowi':z Janusz 1190. 1188
Orkan 724
Orosius Alfred 228
Orzak L. H. 985
Ostrowitjanow K. 525
Otręb s>k
i J. 240
OZ€l'eckowskij N. J. 77
Page J. T. 309
If'alacky F. 81
Palacz Jan 11
Pallas P. S. 77, 147, 696
Pallisen N. 9'84
Panzer F. 289
Paprocki Bartosz 647, 648, 65·9
ParaceLsu9 Theophrastus 273, 278287
Paradowski J. 24
Pariel 698
Parish Edm. 2,57
Pa'rker L. K. 337
Parrain Cha'rles 966, 967
Pasl:hal O. 94
Passar.ge S. 809
Pawińs.ki Ado}f 586
Pawli:kvwski J. Gw. 30
Pawłowski st. 439
Ipazyra S. 24
Pauly-Kroll 263
Pauly'S 69,6
Pauwels M. 977
Pearson K. 98
Peckham E. a 740
Peissler A. 447
Pekar 480
Pelc J. 24
Pelczar lVf':chał515
Peliot P. 140
Percy Tomasz 300, 322
Pel'ich L. 921
Perkim~ Wiliam 314
Persowski Franc. 24, 439, 450, 456.484
1469
Perszic A. r. 845, 886, 862, 896
Pescheck 669
!Pessler VI. 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 822
Petrtyl J. 918
Pen cer Casper 288
!Pękałski M~chał 611-612
Piaścik F. 465
Piątkowski J. 539
Pic J. 673
Pictet A. 94
Pigoń St. 25. 487
Piekosiński F.' 15, 21, 242, 4S6, 531
Pierad~ka Krysty;na 1049
Pietrusiński Ludwik 628, 633
Pietkiewicz Kazimierz 798, 1198-1216
Pintus J. 746
Piotr z Duisburg.a 230
Piotrowski 108,6
Piwocki Ksawery 1070-1078
1082
Philon Claudius z Aleksandrii 327
!Platon 76, 115
Ie Play 18
P,}e:hanov G, W. 106
Plezia Marian 134-152, 222, 241
Pliniusz Se,condus 13'6, 137, 150, 211,
222. 22,3, 263, 737
Pludński Jan 635, 678
Podgajecki G. W. 111
Podlacha Władysław 257, 259
Pogono wsk i Jerzy 1104, 1105
If'ohlhausen A. 989
Polaczkówna H. 2'59, 473
Pollard A. F. 302
Pomponiu.sz Mela 150
Poniatowski St. 810, 817, 331
Popiołek F. 440, 480
Popov A. A. 892, 893, 907
Porfirogeneta Konstanty 244
Port J. B. 313
Post A. M. 98
Fotanin 689, 697
Potapov L. P. 851, 865, 908, 890, 1115,
1116, 1120
Potichi:n r. 1. 114, 115, 849, 874, 884,
900, 1115
PotkańskiKarol
21, 22, 242, 439, 440,
445, 4S0, 519, 554, 725
Potocki Jan K. 243, 250, 256, 897,
1097
Pott 243, 255
Potter M. A. 98
If'outrain N. 294
Pritchard Evans 997
Prokofiev E. D. 907
Prokofiev G. N. 60
Prakopius'z 185
Pl'oudhon 1094-1096
P.róhle H, 276
Pri.ifferowa
Maria
515,990-992
1171-1176
Przesławska Helena 992-998, 966968, 999-1004, 1070-1078
Przyboś A. 1038-1040
Pseudo-Epiphanios 327
ptolemajos 141, 151, 1'85, 190, 193.
222, 223. 229, 230, 248, 851
Puckowa Młynarka 526
Puszet 342
Rabinowic M. G. 889
Radimsky J. 919
Radłow W. Radłoff W. 689, 697
Radzi:kowski St. E. 706, 709, 714,724,
727
Rafacz J. 473, 519, 520. 536, 538, 705.
727
Raine J, 299
Abu Rajohana'l
Biruni 848
Rajt M. 860
Ramovs Franc. 930
Ranke L. 79
Ra·schke G. 670
Ratzel Fr. 101, 811, 812, 815, 816
Ravilas P. 200, 240
Rawdonika.s 852
Reber B. 268
Rechaczev M. 912-914
Reginald Scot 310
Rehnberg Maks 1135, 1136, 1157, 825,
828, 830
Reinach Salomon 263
Reinfuss Roman 699~702, 746, 798,
799, 807, '808, 1075, 1077, 1980,
1082, 1084, 1086, 1088, 1205, 1206,
1207, 1209
Reinfussowa-Cieśla Zofia 701, 1084,
1085, 1088, 1200, 1206, 1207
Reisch Grzegorz 264
Reizner 267
Rej Mikołaj, (Rey) 469, 651
Rel,~s Edmund W. 257
Remig.ius Nioolaus 276
von Repgow Eike 1014
Retzlaf H. 1048
Reuchlin 331
Rex Carolus (Charles King) 258
Reychmann Jan 1031-1035,
10381041, 1089
Reychman Jan i Stefan 555, 556, 568,
571, 573, 581, 583, 717, 727
Richard G. 106
R'ichard Jones z OxfQrdu 301
Rkhter O. 685, 696
Rieger Adam 774
Rimbert 219, 229
Rist Jan 290
Rivers W. M. R. 6,9, 104
Rivet Paul 961-9'65
Rivier Sestier 968
Riviere Rene 968
Robert de Brunn 297, 298
Robertson W. 78
Rochholz E. L. 291
Rock J. F. 988
Rodinson M. 971
Rogge K. A. 81
Roginskij J. J. 891, 900
Roheim Geza 258, 267
Roj-Kozłowska H 714, 71 7, 720,7 21
1471
1470
Romaniszyn B. 30
Roscher W. 80
Rospond S. 463
Roth H. L. 338. 690, 692, 695
Raubik F. 916
Rousseau J. J. 78
Rozdolski R. 24
R'OZenfeld A. 856, 857
Romer M. 905
Róży:ckiJacek 28
Rudenko S. I. 892
Ruland Martin 278
Rusiński W. 452, 460, 462, 1049-1053
Rutkowski Jan 25, 342, 583, 585, 727
Rybakov B. A. 671, 672
Rychnova D. 922
Rydzewskaja E. A. 110
Ry:k,aczewski 379
Ryszkiewicz Andrzej 1089
Rytard J. 30
Saichs Hans 276
Safa.rewkz J, 1308
Safarik P. 227
Le Sage 295
Sage G, 670
Sajó 0, K. 741
Salamonowie V. G. S, 728
Sales Y. Ferre 98
Sallco N. 870
S'illcni 1185
Salys 232
Samivel 743
Sams'onowic:z Henryk 582
Sandberg 27
Sarasinowie Paweł i Fryderyk
Savibny F. Ch. 82
Saville 996
Saxo 185
SaUUa E. 148
Scott W. 313, 322
Schelling 82
Scheufler 918, 922
14
Schindler 625
Schirach A. G, 1049
Schiferdecker 470
Schlegel Fr. 79, 331
Schleicher A. 186, 216
Schleiermacher 83
Schlenger H. 449, 454, 470, 484, 809.
810, 814, 815, 818, 821
S:hlosser F. Ch. 79
Schmid B. 739, 740, 742
Schmidt H. D. 742
Schmidt J. 18·6, 216
Schmidt M. 696, 697
Schmidt W, 102, 103. 153, 162, 166,
817, 979, 984, 988
Schmoller G. 98
Schnellhaas P. 697
Schneider J. 633
Schrader O. 1{)0 671, 738
Schra.nil J. 667
Schl'eider H. 80
Schreiber W. 461, ,.470, 471
Schroeder D, 979
Schubertowa Mari.a 1104
SchlEmburg W, 695
Schulten A. 140
S.hurtz H. 101
Schiitze H. 476
S€;:Jastian z Felsztyna 28
Sebeok Th, A. 985
Sedir 259
Seebok Th. A. 981
Seler E. 697
Seligman 991'
Semienowa A. A. 886
Semkowicz 439, 485, 566, 626
Sepharial (W, Gornold) 258
Semrau Zofia 1029-1031
Seretse Kama (wódz Beczuana) 860
Sergejew P, 852
Sering von Dietze 448
Seruga Jan 12
Seweryn Tadeusz 639, 647, 666, 798,
1060, 1088, 1134
Shirley R. 258
Shufeldt M. D. 697
Siber N. I. 94
Siegel S. 24
Siemionówna Z. 1010
Simom E. 745
Sirelius Vuno Taavi 689, 696, 990
Sittig E. 228, 240
Skacel J. 922
Skalnikowa Olga 933, 934
Skalova A. 921
Skrodzki 518, 519
Skrzosówna Maria 1103
Skurpski H. 1086, 1087
Skutil J. 916
Sławski Franciszek 1019-1023
Smirnov A. S. 93
Smirnov S. R. 855, 867, 896
Smith Adam 67
Smith P. 221, 240, 302
Smith W. Robertson 92
Smolka S. 13, 556
Sobierajski Zenon 755-768,1023-1024
Sobieski Marian 30
Sobiescy 1087, 1088
Sobisiak Walerian 340-438
Sobociński W. 1014-1019
Sochaniewicz 458
Sokolski W. W. 94
Sokołowski 15
Solinus Julius 150
Solski Stan. 582
Sołowiew A. V, 81
Sorokin V. 877
Sotkowa B. 1046
Soukup B. 919
Spamer A. 686, 696
Spence L. 336
Spencer 91, 107
Spengler Łazarz 276
Spenser Joan. 328
93
Spławiński-Lehr
Tadeusz 137, 139,
223
Stadniok<i A. 439, 467, 478
Stalin 23, 36-64, 72, 73, 107, 110, 114,
831-837, 848-873, 878, 879
Stankiewiczowa J. 13, 1198, 1210
Starek Edyta 798, 1205
Starke 98, 99, 102, 103
Staronkowa 1083
Starzyń.s.ki J. 798, 1070, 1091
Stasov W. W. 885
Stefański Stefan 1193-1195
Ste~nmetz S. R. 98
Steller G. W. 77
Stelmac:howska Bożena 1077, 1085
Stepanow N. 861, 893, 895
Steward Julian H. 1005
Stieber Z. 626
Stimming R. 671
Stith TholTl1P50n781
Stolarczyk J. 722 725, 727
Stolyhwo K. 33, 1010
Strabon 851
Straganović G. 863
Strahlenberg J. Ph. 140
Stra'nska 1046
Struntz Franz. 278
Stryjeńs,ki K. 30
Stryja S. 571
Struhlmann Fr. 684, 685, 690, 696,
697
Styś W. 488, 1051
van Suchtelen N. 258
Sulimirski T. 186, 216
Summers M. 315
Surowiecki W. 199, 201, 237, 243
Sustelle J. 697
Sutor W. M. 712 727
Svenson Sigfrid 827, 1134, 1135
'Sybel H. 81
Sydow e. W. von
Szachmatow A. A. 191, 207, 220, 223,
240
1472
Szarewskaja 855
Szarzyński 28
Szakow S. S. '93
Szczepanowski Stanisław 727
Szczepański Jan 18, 19, 27, 10961104
Szczotka Stanisław 26, 449, 467, 471,
482, 539, 540, 627, 660, 661, 10411044
Szewcxuk J. 24, 722
Szewczyk L. 2Ó84
Szlro'kogorDV 852
SzpHenskij S. N. 81
Sztemberg L. J. 689, 697
Szuhczu Jan 727
Sz:ulgiJn W. J. 80
SZ1Umowski W. 278
Szymanowski Karol 30
Szymański- Walen ty:nowicz 546
Szymon z Kremony 266
Szys.zkin N. I. 63
Safarik P. 904
Silling E. M. 896
Ściegienny 11
Śreniow,ski S. 920
Świątkowska
Jadwig.a, por. Chełmińska 33-35, 738
Świątkowski Henryk 1103
Świeykowski E. 613
Świeży Janusz 798, 1088
I
\
\
Tacyt 61. 185, 190, 191, 193, 220, 225.
248
Tadyew P. G. 888
Tanowic Stevan C. 73,6, 737, 738
Tarnowski A. 24, 5,39. 540, 627, 660.
661, 1041-1044
TatiSce'" V. ~~. 861
Terentovoj
L. 867
Terleckij P. 859
Teulon Girard 91. 93
Thomas Ady 319
Thomas E. 92
1473
Thompson 333
'l1homson Donald F. 994
Thomson J. A. 258
Thorpe C. 528
Thorndike Lynn 264, 300
Thurnwald R. 105, 1101
Tibesar Antonine S. 999
T.ichomirowa M. M. 851
Tiurin A. 81
Toka'rew A. S. 37, 38, 42, 44, 47, 50,
52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63,
64, 243, 245, 83'6, 838, 850, 855, 869,
890, 907
Tokarzówna Kry.styna 728-73'5
Tołstoj 1095
Tołstow A. P. 872, 873, 888, 900, 41,
43, 848, 850, 851
Tomaschek W. 204
Tomasz z Akwinu 76
Topolski J. 343, 352
Toulon Girard 69
Treb.Nn M. 450
Trautmann 217, 218
Treidler H. 140
Tretiakow P. N, 38, 241, 851
Trevelyan M. 294
Trithenius Jan 272, 278, 283, 322
Trofimowa P. A. 851, 890, 896
Ts'chopik Harry 1008-1109
T~2hudi Fr. v. 743
Ts,chumi O. 673
Ture.k A. .921
Tuwanówna Janina 953-961
Tyc T. 439
Tylor E. B. 74, 84, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100.
108, 255
Tymieniecki K. 141, 150 439 41:4, 556,
1015, 1'018
Twardowski 652
UdaIcow A. D. 240, 243
Udziela S. 477, 653
Ulanowski B. 14, 15. 473. 527, 585
ULbrich J, 986
Ulehla V. 922
Ułaszyn Henryk 1023-1024
Unger J. 79
Urbanowicz 798, 1088-1089
Vacek Fr. 479
Vallancey C. 294
Vanek V. 920
Vanovepbergh M. 978, 983
Va'silewic G. M. 858, 892
Vasmer -Maks 235, 240, 198, 193, 190,
189
Vazny V. 1136
Veile K. 842
Veniaminov I. 893
Venbov G. D. 895
Verhoeven Th. 983
Verner A. 258
Vieo G. 78
Vierthaler F. M. 78
Virchow R. 209
Voblov J. K. 908
VogtE.
673, 675
Volavka A. 919
Voltaire 78
Vonma V. 860
Voracek J. 919
Voskobojnikow M. 859
Vrabcowa Ewa 950
Vroka J. 918
Vycpalek 918
Wacław z Szamotuł 28
Wiliam de Wadington 298
Wagner G. 169
Waitz Th. 334
Walawender A. 24
Wa,lknowski Dobiesław 748, 750
Emelia v. Walterstorff
668
Warężak J. 24
Waschsmuts W. 79
Wasilewicz G. M. 851, 852
93*
Wasilewski Zygmunt 539
Watt James 67
Webster John 320
Weitz Th. 80, 81
Wells L. H. 992
Wergiliusz 292
Werner Stefan 609
Westermack E. 98, 99. 103
Wiele:kaja N. N. 888
W.ierbickij W. I. 697
Wierciński A. 895
Wierczyński St. 730
Wierzcboniówna
Aurelia 1103
Wiesendanger
257
Wilkund K. B. 194,195,205,238, 240,987
Wilda W. E. 81
WHken F. 81
Wilkinson J. G. 685, 696
Williams T. G. 741
Winicki 667, 668, 671, 689, 696
WiJnnikov 848, 851
Witelnn 313
Wi1kJiewicz S. 724, 725, 727
Witort Jan 530, 531, 534, 853
Wodzicki S. 655
Wojciechowski T. 21, 252-256, 439
Wojkowitz R. de Nebesky 988
Wojtusiak R. J. 741
Wo'kroj Franciszek
1099--1014
Wolff A. 461; 466
Wolfram von Eschenbach 292
Wolfson S. J. 110
Wolski ,Krzys:ztof 1190-1193
Walczak B. J. 888
Worms A. E. 980, 989
Worobiewa N. l. 851, 887
Wójcicki K. W.515, 518, 652, 654,752
Wróblewski Tadeusz 36-65.
677698, 878--888, 977--989
Wrześniowski August 727
Wrzosek Adam 1099-1013
Wulstan 225, 226. 227
Wundt W. 105
1474
Wy.słouch Bolesław 11
2aborski B. 453, 456, 439. 445, 447
zacek V. 920
Z.a!chemski Jakub 12
Zachorowsiki S. 556
Zajchowska St. 453, 454
Zakrzewski S. 243
Zakrzewski Włncenty 13. 14
Zamoyski Jan 24
zapolski Downar 853
zaręba Alfred 824-830. 1134-1164
1201
Zarembskij I, A. 696
Zawistowicz-Adamska
Kazimiera
1096-1104
Zborowski Juliusz 29, 30
Zbrujewa A. V. 889, 892
Zbylitowski Piotr 651
Zejszner L. 627, 712, 723, 727
Zelenin D. 689, 696
Zi:brt C. 916, 915, 1047
Ziekursch J. 480, 471. 472
Zieleniewski S, A. L. 483
Zieliński ChwaHsław 1208
Zienkiewicz Leon 1064
Zienkowicz L. J. 654
Zołotarew A. M. 60, 110
Zolotarewskaja
J. 838
Zubcov 198
Zubrickij 855
Zuew Vasilij Fedorovic 88 895, 893
Zwolakiewicz Henryk 1078-1096
Zygler T<ldeusz 798, 1080. 1085, 1086,
1083, 1084
Żakow K. 147
Żdanko T. A. 897
Żegota Pauly 256
Żejmo-Żejmis Stanisław 185, 200,238
Żmigrodzka M. 98
Życki 1085
Żytkiewicz Leonid 585
Żywirska Maria 798, 1085, 1206
WYKAZ INSTYTUCJI
Ak. N<mk ZSRR, AN. ZSRR 835, 836,
1108-1135
• Archiwum gł. Akt dawnych w Wars'zawie 562
Anchiwum Archidiecezjalne
w Poznaniu 341
Archiwum Aktów grodzkich i ziemskich 20
Archiwum Diecez. we Włocławku 562
Archiwum Marksa, Engelsa w Moskwie 95
Woj. Archiwum w Poznaniu 584
Woj. Archiwum w Bydgos'zczy 584
Biblioteka Bodlejańska 257
Biblioteka Jagiellońska 16
Czesko-Slow. A. N. 939-943
Gimnazjum bocheńskie 10
Instytut Badań Pieśni Ludowych 32
InsI. Etnografii AN. ZSRR 869, 871,
872
Inst. Nauk Antrop. i Etnogr. W, T.
N. 34
Król. Inst. Antro,p. w Londy.nie 994
I'n.stytut Puławski 20, 22
Instytut Zachodni 25
Muzeum Etnog-raficzne w Krakowie 8
1136
Muzeum Etnogr. w Leningradzie 868
Muzeum Etnogr. w Łodzi 34, 11681173
Muzeum Etnogr. w Lowiczu 34
Muzea Etnogr. ZSRR 1109-1116
Muzeum góralskie 618-625
Muzeum w Jarosławiu 1191, 1192
Muzeum Kultur Ludowych 34, 11661168
NAUKOWYCH
Muzeum Lubelskie IWO
Muzeum w MiędzyrzEl::Gu 1185, 1186
Muzeum Narodowe w Poznaniu
1180-1185
Muzeum
rpomorskie
w Toruniu,
Dział Etnogr.afii 1173, 1180
Muzeum w Przemyślu 1192-1195
Muzeum w Rzeszowie 1186-1190
Muzeum w Sanoku 1195-1197
Muzea Skandynawskie
1136-1166
Muzea Skansenowskie
1140-1155
Muzeum w Sztokholmie {l78, 824831
Muzeum Tatrzańskie 28, 29
Muzeum w Tomaszowie Maz. 11971199
Mu:see National des Arts et Tradihons Pcpulaires 967
National
Museet
w Kopenhadze
1136-1166
Nordiska
Muzeum w Sztokholmie
668, 824-831, 1136-1166
.Polska Akademia Nauk (P. A. N.)
21, 25
Polska Akademia Umiejętności 7, 13,
14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21
Państwowy Instytut Sztuki (P, 1. S.)
921, 746, 1081-1096
P. 1. Bad. Szt. Lud. 1081-1096
Polskie Tow. Histor. 21
P. T. L. 7, 8, 154, 242, 530, 639
Tow. Naukowe we Lwowie 21
Uniwersytet Jagielloński U. J. 13, !ty
21, 26, 27
Uniwersytet Łódzki 34, 35
Uniwersytet Warszawski 21, 33
1476
Uniwersytet
we Lwowie 21, 24
Wolna Wszechnica 33
Zakład Etnogr. U. Ł. 35. 1098-1106
Zakład Badania Plastyki,
Architektury, Zdobnictwa Ludowego P. 1.
S. 700
Zakład Gleboznaw,,;twa
wydz. RoI.
U. J. 750
Zakład Historii Gosp. U. P. 340
Zakład Maszynoznawstwa
Rolniczego U. J, 754
Zakład im. Ossolińskich
519
WYKAZ
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CZASOPISM
Albański
Atlas Strojów Ludowych
104B
Anthropos
979-991
Atlas d. d. Volks-kunde 818
Atl.as Etnografii
Syberii 873
Atlas Polskich Strojów Ludowych 35
63'9, 64'6, 767, 79B-B06, 1055-1070,
1088
Biblioteka dziejów wsi i kultury wsi 25
Bułgarski
Atlas Strojów Ludowych
1048
"Ludy świat.a" wyd, 872
Polski· Atlas Etnograf. 809-823
Polska Sztuka Ludowa 1081-1096
Prace Etnologiczne 35
Prace
i Ma terniały
Etnograficzne
1094, 1098, 1106
Prace Prehistor.
Śląska 668
Primitive
Man 1001-1006
Przegląd Antropologiczny
1011-1016
Przegląd Archeolo.g~:zny 668
Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich 25
Smithsonian
Institution
1006-1010
Trudy Instytutu
Etnogr. im. N. N.
Mrkłucho"'1Makłaja 981-910
Wiel,ka Encyklo~edia
Sowiecka 942
Baltische Lande 183
Bulletin
de l'Instit.ut
Fran<;ais
d'Afl'ique Noire 973-976
Bulletin de la Sodele Royale Beige
d'Anthropologie
et dePrehistoire
976-979
Biblioteka Puławska 25
Ethnographie Ceskoslovenska 932--943
Czas 17. 20
Czeski Lud (Cesky Lid) 916-931
Ekonomista 22, 18
Fataburen
825
Handbook
of South
Am. Indians
1006-1010, 695
Kalendarz
ludowy 666
Kłosy 665
Kuźnica Kołłątajowska
2'56
Kwartalnik
Muzyczny 28, 29
Le Mois d'ethno.graphie
franc;aise
967. 970
L\id 31, 7, 8, 28, 37. 39, 647
Man 994-1000
Materiały do etnografii 697
Pamiętnik Zjazdu Histr. Lwów 1935,25
Polski Rocz;nik Muzealny 28
Polska Sztuka Ludowa 9'21
Praehistor.
Zeitschrift
667
Proces Verbaux MensueJ.s de la Societ.e d'Ap:hinoise .d'ethnologie et
d'archeologie
970-973
Przyjal:iel Ludu 11, 12, 660, 652, 653
Revue d'Ethnographie
et. de la Sociologie 6~8
Revue des Traditions Populaires 654
Roczniki dziejów społ. i gosp. 24
Sowietskaja
Etnogirafija 37, 38. 41,
42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50. 52, 60,
61, 66-133, 698, 243, 849, B57,
857-880, 890
The Journ.al of t.he Royal Anthropological Institute
of great BI'itain and Ireland 695
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
667. 66B
Zaranie śląskie 480
Zeitschrift
f. Enthnologie
69B
Ziemi.a 22
Z otchłani wieków 667
Wisła 14. 654, 656
1479
SPIS RYCIN
Prof. dr Fran:::iszek Bujak 8
Prof. dr Adolf Chyhiński 27
J. Chełmińska-Swiątkowsk.a
33
System rodzajowy języka tuskarora
166
. System rodz.3.jowy języka tunika 167
System rodzajowy prefi.k.sÓw órzeczenia języka męskiego dla pluralu w Yuczi 170
System rodzajowy prefiksów
orzeczenia języka kobiet dla pluralu
w Yuczi 171
System rodzajowy sufigowanych 1'0dz.ajników języka. mę:sk'iego dla
pluralu w Yuczi 171
System rodzajowy sufigowanych rodzajników języka kobiet dla ,pluralu w Yuczi 172
System rodzajowy prefiksów orzeJczenia języka męskiego dla singularis w Yuczi 173
Systera rodzajowy prefiksów
orzeczenia języka kobiet dla singularis w Yuczi 174
System rodzajowy sufigowanych rodzajników
języka męskiego dla
singularis w Yuczi 175
System rodzajowysufigowanych
rodzajników języka kobiet dla singul,aris w Yuczi 176
Pokrewieństwa
języków uralskich
według V. Kiparskyego 187
Wyniki
analiz
kraniologicznych
wczesnohistorycznej
ludności rubieży sterpowo-leśnej w %
206
Składy antropologiczne Finów i Bałtów w Ofo 209
Genealogia języków baltyjskich według V. Kipars,kyego 214
Dawny .i terażniejszy
zasięg języków ,bałtyjskich 215
Bałtyj,skie ludy i języki około 1200
roku 216
SzumeJ:za.Przekształcenie
rzędówki
1870-1937
wg E, Boehma 453
Szkic schematyczny owalnicy wg A.
Meisnera 455
Szkic schematyczny łańcuchówki wg
A. Meisnera 457
Nawsie w Żelaznym Ujeździ e w Czechosłowacji wg V. Davidka 462
Schemat nawsia wsi łanów leśnych
487
CZl;śĆnawsia w Grodzisku Dolnym 492
Grodzisko Miasteczko 493
Część nawsia w Grodz'isku Górnym
495
Karta 200 (recto) sprawozdania z lustracji klul:'za iłźeckiego 521
Karta 200 (verso) sprawozdania z lustracji klucza iłżeckiego 522
Karta 201 (verso) sprawozdania z lustracji klucza iłżeckiego 523
Rysunki wyszkowskich znamion
'bartnych 523
Litewskie klejn" 537
W'idok tartaku od strony przekopu
569
Widok od strony
przy,{opU wg
Reychmanów 571
Rzut poziomy dolny 572
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Przekrój poprzeczny 574
Przekrój podłużny 576
Prze,krój podłużny wg Reychmanów
577
Wiatrak z XVIII wieku 592
Wiatrak z pocz. XX wieku 593
Koło paleczne, socha i cewka z wiatraku 594
Górna 'część urządzeń wiatraka 595
Kosz, koryto i łub 597
Fundamenty wiatraka z XVIII wieku 599
Urządzenie
do obrac.ania wiatraka
600
Wiatrak z XVII wieku
część
skrzydł.a 601
Oskard z końca XIX wieku i początku XX wieku 602
Perlik 603
Cewka wyrobiona i cewka nowa 604
Wiatrak z XIX wieku - ul'ządzenie
do obracania 605
Rysunek
wiatraka
holenderskiego,
który miał być wystawiony
w
okolicy Kruszwicy w r. 1778, 697
Wiatrak-winda
608
Matryca do drukowania płócien 614
Matryca do drukowania płócien 614
Matryca do drukowania płócien 615
Matry:::a do drukowania płócien 615
Matryca do drukowania płócien 616
Matryca do drukowania płócien 616
Odciski
motywów
zdobni!:zych
z
matryc do drukowania płócien 618
Odciski
motywów
zdobnji~zych z
matryc do drukowania płócien 619
Odciski
motywów
zdobniczych
z
matryc do drukowania płócien 620
Odciski
motywów
zdobni~zych
z
matryc do drukowania płócien 621
Odciski
motywów
zdobniczych
z
matryc do drukowania płócien 622
Od:::iski motywów
zdobni:zych
z
matryc do drukowania płócien 623
Odciskanie wzorów na płótnie 624
Kierunki e:{sportu płótna orawskiego w latach do 1910 62, 632
Krój sukni chlopskiej z XVI w. 640
Krój kaptura chłopskiego z XVI w.
641
Krój chłopskiego okrycia zwierzchniego 642
Krój lamki chłopskiej z XVIIIw.
645
Próba rekonstrurckji
uszytej lamki
chłopskiej ubranej rprzez kobietę
644
Krój sukni z XVIII w. 645
Mandragora i bo-girni 645
Walka smoka z salamandrą
648
Prace na folwarku 649
Pod zieloną rózgą 650
Uczta pańska 651
Zwierciadło
czarodziejskie
Twardowskiego 652
Chłop i Daniel 653
Wieniec dożynkowy z kogutem 654
Opętany 655
Skolopendra i niedźwiadek 656
Pająk morski 657
Kirgiz 658
Fortel legendarnego Leszka 659
Wół trzy rożny 660
Obnażanie 661
Strój chłopski z wieku XVI 662
Listy ręką Boga oisane 663
Słopiec z dwoma przykrywadłami
664
Maże czumackie 665
Sobótka 666
Typy tkactwa 682
Mapka powiatu Nowy Targ 703
Socha żelazna wg Stanisława
Sobótki 747
1480
Sooha żelazna wy:mnana w r. 1926
przez L. Skarpetowskiego
748
Pionowe i poziome usytuowanie regulatora głębokości orki soch żelaznych 749
Socha żelazna wykonana w 1926 r.
749
SCi:ha żelazna typu U 750
Rozdwojenie .slupicy 751
Wycięta odkładnica pług.a pruskiego
751
Odkładnica Foltyna 752
Mapka terenu na którym występuje
socha żelazna 753
zabudowania
gosopdarskie
z miejscowości Mora (Dala'rna) w Skansenie 1140
!Plan Skansenu 1141
Gospodyni wyrabia ·sery w drewnianych foremkach 1143
GOSIPodyni przywołuje
krowy
do
obory za pomocą dżwięków świstawki 1144
Stary mistrz grzeb;eniarski ze Sztokholmu
wyrabia
w Skamenie
grzebienie 1146
Plan frilandsmusseet
w Sorgenfri
pod Kopenhagą 1148
Mapa miejscowości, z których pochodzą obiekty w muzeum pod
gołym niebem w Sorgenfri pod
,Kopenhagą 1149
Miasto lapońskie w Arvidsjaur półn.
Szwecji 1151
Fragment
miasta
kościelnego
w
Ojebyn, 'półn. Szwe::ja 1152
Urządzenie
oświetlenia
neonowego
w lapońskim dziale Muzeum Nordyckiegow
Sztokholmie 1154
Karawana
renich zaprzęgów w lapońskim dziale Muzeum Nordyc.kiego w Sztokholmie 1155
Wystawa
rozwoju wybranych
narzędzi pracy 1173
Wystawa
rozwoju wybranych
narzędzi pracy 1175
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