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NOTY O AUTORACH
(1989, Psia
Tomasz Wit Szarszeń - student drugiego r o k u międzywydzia
G w i a z d a ) , „Fungi" (1993) i „En vinter i Stockholm" (1997,
(1987, K t o zważa na w i a t r ) ,
łowych I n d y w i d u a l n y c h Studiów H u m a n i s t y c z n y c h ( M I S H ) .
Pewnej zimy w S z t o k h o l m i e ) oraz najnowszą, opublikowaną
Interesuje się antropologią miasta i f i l m u . Fotografuje.
„Hundstjarna"
w r o k u 2000 L o r d Nevermore. Lord Nevermore przetłuma
czony zosta! na wiele języków, m i n . : f r a n c u s k i , n i e m i e c k i ,
Jerzy Sławomir Wasilewski - e t n o l o g , d o k t o r h a b i l i t o w a n y ,
angielski, w i o s k i , hiszpański. W Polsce powieść ukaże się
pracuje w Katedrze E t n o l o g i i i A n t r o p o l o g i i
w przekładzie I w o n y Jędrzejewskiej n a k ł a d e m W y d a w n i c t w a
U W . W l a t a c h 1971-80 był u c z e s t n i k i e m corocznej ekspedy
Jacek S a n t o r s k i ćk C o . jesienią tego r o k u .
c j i I H K M P A N do M o n g o l i i . Prowadził też p e n e t r a c j ę e t n o
Karolina Siemion - absolwentka e t n o l o g i i ( U W ) . Z a j m u j e
kieł, rzecz o szamańskich
się antropologią miasta i fotografią.
a paradygmaty etnologii, Warszawa
Kulturowej
graficzną i n n y c h krajów A z j i . A u t o r książek: Podróż do pie
misteriach, Warszawa 1979, Tabu
1989.
Sławomir Sikora - e t n o l o g (studia U W ) . Sekretarz redak
cji „Konteksty". Z a j m u j e się antropologią f o t o g r a f i i i f i l m u .
Grzegorz Sokół - absolwent K E i A K U W . O p r ó c z zagadnień
związanych z symboliką narodową w sztuce d e w o c y j n e j i n t e
resuje się szeroko p o j m o w a n ą problematyką kształtowania
tożsamości -
n a r o d o w y c h , p o n a d n a r o d o w y c h oraz osobi
Summary of articles
Krystyna Bartol, Read, Read Homer...
Giovanni Cerri, Odysseus - A Hero Who Tells His Own Story
T h i s t e x t by an o u t s t a n d i n g I t a l i a n classical p h i l o l o g i s t , an
stych, zwłaszcza z perspektywy i n d y w i d u a l n e j , a także współ
expert o n Greek archaic l i t e r a t u r e , a translator o f the Iliad,
czesną teorią n a u k h u m a n i s t y c z n y c h . O d stycznia 2002 d o k
t o r a n t na wydziale E t n o l o g i i Europejskiej na U n i w e r s y t e c i e
w L u n d w Szwecji, w r a m a c h i n t e r d y s c y p l i n a r n e g o p r o j e k t u
" G r a n i c e Europy".
a n d a scholar whose scientific investigations c o m b i n e p u r e
ly literary studies w i t h investigations c o n c e r n i n g the p h i l o
sophical reflections o f Greek t h i n k e r s , is an e x t r e m e l y i n t e
resting proposal o f a „centrifugal" a p p r o a c h t o the t e x t o f
the Odyssey. C e r r i seeks a d e f i n i t i o n o f the personal i d e n t i
ty o f Odysseus, the h e r o o f H o m e r ' s p o e m , at the same t i m e
Lech Sokół - D y r e k t o r I n s t y t u t u S z t u k i P A N , d r h a b i l i t o
posing a q u e s t i o n a b o u t the reasons for the v i t a l i t y o f the as
wany, wykładowca A k a d e m i i Teatralnej w Warszawie, histo
sorted images o f this figure i n the literary oeuvre o f all
ryk dramatu i teatru, komparatysta. A u t o r publikacji o W i t
epochs. W h i l e d e m o n s t r a t i n g the characterological m u l t i -
k a c y m , S t r i n b e r g u i Ibsenie, m . i n . Groteska w teatrze S. 1.
-aspect n a t u r e o f Odysseus, C e r r i strives at c a p t u r i n g an ele
Witkiewicza ( 1 9 7 2 ) , August Strinberg ( 1 9 8 1 ) , Witkacy i Strin-
m e n t m e r g i n g p a r t i c u l a r aspects o f his personality, a n d
berg: dalecy i bliscy (1995).
ascribes f u n d a m e n t a l relevance t o a n analysis o f t h e he
ro's a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l discourse. I n d o i n g so, he proves t h a t
A n n a Spissowa - absolwentka e t n o g r a f i i UJ, kustosz d y p l o
secondary n a r r a t i o n , i . e. the tale a b o u t himself, presented
m o w a n y M u z e u m Etnograficznego w K r a k o w i e . Zaintereso
by Odysseus at the c o u r t o f the k i n g o f the Phaeacians, is -
w a n i a n a u k o w e k o n c e n t r u j ą się wokół zagadnień muzeal
n i c t w a , zwłaszcza skansenowskiego,
in anthropological dimension - a paradigmatic evocation of
k u l t u r y sepulklarnej,
h u m a n c o g n i t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , he demonstrates t h a t the
tradycyjnego z d o b n i c t w a wnętrz, a szczególnie n o w e j estety
i n t r o s p e c t i v e s t a t e m e n t made by the m a i n h e r o remains c l o
k i mieszkań na wsi i w mieście.
sely c o n n e c t e d w i t h the emergence o f his self-awareness o f
Katarzyna Suchcicką - j a k o p o e t k a d e b i u t o w a ł a
kiem
Nie
powstrzymana
mięśniem
szybuję
this process, w h i c h seems t o seal the personal i d e n t i t y of
tomi
nagrodzonym
w konkursie „Pokolenie, które wstępuje" w r o k u
1986.
Po d e b i u c i e w y d a l a t o m y p o e z j i Sycenie w W y d a w n i c t w i e
K a l a m b u r ( W r o c ł a w 1987)
i Niebieska pończocha
dawnictwie L i t e r a c k i m (Kraków
1 9 9 3 ) . Jest
w Wy
Laureatką
przez T o w a r z y s t w o P o e t y c k i e N e w H a m p s h i r e . Jej wiersze
były p u b l i k o w a n e w a n t o l o g i a c h Over the Rainbow, M i c h i
gan 1990; D a n River Anthology,
A n A n t h o l o g y of
Maine
Contemporary
ve discourse represents an already m o u l d e d personality, i t
allows i t t o c o m e i n t o b e i n g i n an objective w o r l d . I n this
sense, H o m e r ' s n a r r a t i o n , focused w i t h i n the lens o f the
N a r o d o w e g o K o n k u r s u Poetyckiego U S A organizowanego
Aglow.
every person. T h u s , albeit the a u t o b i o g r a p h i c a l , retrospecti
1990; Ambers
Polish Women's
awareness (or rather, self-awareness) o f the m a i n h e r o , reve
als - as i f i n the spirit o f Berkeley's esse est percipi - the p r o
m i n e n c e o f the w o r d i n shaping o u r images o f the w o r l d .
Aleksandra Melbechowska-Luty, Cywilizacja - Trans- Atlantyk.
The Ocean, Ships and Havens of Norwid and Gombrowicz
1996
I n 1958, M a r i a Dąbrowska w r o t e a b o u t a c e r t a i n s p i r i t u a l
oraz S n u ć miłość. Polska poezja miłosna od X I V w i e k u W ł o
kinship between Cyprian N o r w i d and W i t o l d Gombrowicz,
Poetry R e g i n y G r o l , H o s t P u b l i c a t i o n s A u s t i n , Texas
d z i m i e r z a B o l e c k i e g o , B e r t e l s m a n , Warszawa 2 0 0 0 . P u b l i
t w o Polish writers a c e n t u r y apart. B o t h shared a similar
k o w a ł a również wiersze, k r y t y k i i eseje w p o l s k i c h p i s m a c h
stance, features, passions, t h o u g h t s , o u t s t a n d i n g intellects,
literackich.
originality, innovativeness, u n c o m m o n personalities a n d a
special
U k o ń c z y ł a filologię polską n a U n i w e r s y t e c i e W a r s z a w s k i m .
O d 1990 r jest dziennikarką telewizyjną, a u t o r k ą p o n a d 40
programów m . i n . z serii Skąd ta wrażliwość,
poświęconych
Autorów
i Kompozytorów
ZAiKS.
a
critical
a ruthless
attitude
assessment
towards
of
their
s u r r o u n d i n g a n d i n t r o d u c e d i n t o the i n t e l l e c t u a l life o f the
of n e w n o t i o n s , reflections, concepts a n d theories o f art
Na
groda. Jest c z ł o n k i e m Stowarzyszenia Pisarzy Polskich oraz
Związku
life,
e p o c h his o w n v i s i o n o f the w o r l d . N o r w i d was a precursor
l i t e r a t u r z e i sztuce. Zrealizowała także f i l m y d o k u m e n t a l n e
o tematyce l i t e r a c k i e j : Nowa Fala oraz Kościelscy i ich
b o n d ; b o t h disclosed
contemporary
Obecnie,
(subsequently
Gombrowicz
continued
became
the
by
the
modernists),
co-author
of
while
"self-aware"
l i t e r a t u r e , thus preceding "negative experience" art. T h e
w związku z p o b y t e m n a p l a c ó w c e d y p l o m a t y c z n e j , zamiesz
biographies o f the t w o m e n also c o n t a i n experiences as
kuje w S z t o k h o l m i e .
262
SUMMARY OF ARTICLES
emigres
the
the w o r l d o f science a n d art, d e p i c t e d against t h e b a c k d r o p
A t l a n t i c . These expeditions c o u l d be regarded as a sheer
a n d sea
o f t h e course o f the f r i e n d s h i p . T h e i n t e r v i e w , c o n d u c t e d by
coincidence
or
voyagers,
since b o t h h a d crossed
metaphysical
phenomena,
a
mysterious
impulse w h i c h set i n t o m o t i o n i n t h e i r "creative
work
the Polish translator o f t h e b o o k , tries t o b r i n g f o r t h t h e
Polish perspective a n d the a u t h o r ' s a t t i t u d e towards P o l a n d .
oceanic m o t i f s l i m i t i n g the range o f the universum". For
W e also p u b l i s h some excerpts f r o m the
centuries, c o l l e c t i v e consciousness has t u r n e d t h e ship i n t o
b o o k by A g n e t a Pleijel.
aforementioned
a n archetype, a m y t h i c a l a n d m a g i c a l " f i g u r e " ascribed t o
the c o n c e p t o f the r o u t e a n d voyage o f life, a symbol o f t h e
soul, hope, stability, a n d t h e "closed"
universe.
Norwid
Anna Malanowska, The Theatricalisation of the Funeral of
S. I . Witkiewicz
t r a v e l l e d t o N o r t h A m e r i c a o n t h e sailing ship " M a r g a r e t
An
Evans"
u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p u r p o r t e d f u n e r a l o f S. I . W i t k i e w i c z ,
(1852/1853)
and
returned to
Europe
on
the
attempt
at
interpreting and,
at
the
same
time,
steamship "Pacific" ( 1 8 5 4 ) . H e described b o t h vessels i n a
h e l d i n 1988.
masterly way i n his n o v e l Cywilizacja,
i n w h i c h he l a u d e d
s u p p l e m e n t a r y parts, o f w h i c h the first shows the p a t h
the t r a d i t i o n a l sailing ship a n d expressed a c e r t a i n aloofness
traversed by W i t k i e w i c z (already p o s t h u m o u s l y ) f r o m a n
towards the m o d e r n , speedy steamship, w h i c h u l t i m a t e l y
artist relegated t o the m a r g i n a n d a n outsider to a n a t i o n a l
The
t e x t is composed
o f three m u t u a l l y
s u n k i n 1856, probably after a c o l l i s i o n w i t h a n iceberg. T h e
m a r t y r (the a l t e r a t i o n o f his status is w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d by shifts
p o i g n a n t experience o f this e v e n t i n c l i n e d N o r w i d to w r i t e
w i t h i n his legend). Part t w o analyses
the m a r i t i m e Legenda, expressing
spectacle (Raszewski) a n d a show ( G o f f m a n ) , d r a w i n g f o r t h
his o p i n i o n about
the
t h e f u n e r a l as a
mirages o f c i v i l i s a t i o n , the m i g h t o f t e c h n o l o g y a n d the
a n d characterising
illusive chase after matter, e m p i r i a a n d all things t e c h n i c a l .
interests,
G o m b r o w i c z sailed t o A r g e n t i n e i n A u g u s t 1939 o n M/s
whose
" C h r o b r y " , a n d once i n Buenos A i r e s he w r o t e Trans-
People's R e p u b l i c o f Poland) were decisive f o r its specificity
Atlantyk
, a n o v e l m a i n t a i n e d i n the spirit o f a farcical
tragedy, a c o n t r o v e r s i a l message addressed t o t h e Poles, a n d
the assorted (at times c o n t r a d i c t o r y )
a t t i t u d e s a n d expectations
entanglement
and
context
o f the p a r t i c i p a n t s ,
(the
twilight
a n d uniqueness. Finally, the t h i r d p a r t c o n t a i n s
of
the
hypotheses
a n d a summary.
a n assessment o f the Polish past a n d m e n t a l i t y c o n f r o n t e d
w i t h the n a t i o n a l w a r t i m e cataclysm a n d the problems o f
c o n t e m p o r a n e i t y . M/s " C h r o b r y " , adapted for the purposes
o f a t r o o p carrier, s u n k near N o r w a y i n 1940. A f t e r 24 years
spent i n A r g e n t i n a , G o m b r o w i c z (always fascinated
with
t h e sea) described i n his Dziennik 1963
( D i a r y 1963)
how
during
noticed
mist-
a return trip
t o Europe
he
the
e n s h r o u d e d p h a n t o m o f " C h r o b r y " , w h i c h appeared o n the
A t l a n t i c as a harbinger o f fate, a n a p p a r i t i o n o f lost y o u t h ,
a "perished brother, lost f o r ever".
Tomasz Grygiel, A Victory of Art over Time? From the
Current Premises of Schopenhauerian Thought
A n essential feature o f c o n t e m p o r a n e i t y is a c o n s t a n t race
w i t h t i m e , its c u l t , a n d f e t i s h i z a t i o n , w h i c h destroy
the
i n t i m a c y o f t h e life o f a n i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e n a t u r a l course
o f his a c t i v i t y , a n d e v e n devastate t h e sphere o f c u l t u r e .
T h e r e emerges the q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a n a n t i d o t e t o this
state o f things may be sought i n a r t a n d its experiencing. W e
discover
a n a f f i r m a t i v e answer
i n those conceptions
of
human
thought i n which
subject e x p e r i e n c i n g
art
the
L e c h Sokół, Edgar, Duke of Nevermore and Bimgo. Bronisław
succumbs,
Malinowski as a Character in the Oeuvre of Stanisław Ignacy
Witkiewicz
f r o m s u r r o u n d i n g reality, e v e n i f o n l y m o m e n t a r i l y . A t t h a t
T h e article discusses the close f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n Bronisław
no
M a l i n o w s k i (researcher, w o r l d - f a m o u s anthropologist) a n d
i n t e r p r e t e d i n terms o f t i m e and space a n d b e l o n g i n g t o the
Stanisław I . W i t k i e w i c z (writer, painter, a r t i s t ) , and i n p a r t i
daily w o r l d , k n o w n as t h e w o r l d o f the " w i l l " , since i n the
t h a n k s t o its specific properties, to e x c l u s i o n
p a r t i c u l a r t i m e , A . S c h o p e n h a u e r c l a i m e d , s u c h a person is
longer
governed
by
of c o n t e m p l a t i n g art
the
e a r t h l y laws o f
man
coexists
not
physics
cular its „literary" version, c o n t a i n e d p r e d o m i n a n t l y i n W i t -
act
kiewicz's y o u t h f u l n o v e l 622 wpadki Bunga, czyh Demoniczna
presented objects b u t w i t h the images o f t h e i r ideas ( i n the
with
the
kobieta (622 Falls o f Bungo, or the D e m o n i c Female), w r i t
P l a t o n i a n sense), w h i c h exist i n a d i f f e r e n t d i m e n s i o n . T h e
t e n i n 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 1 1 (supplemented i n 1919), b u t never p u b l i
presence (experiencing)
o f t w o d i f f e r e n t w o r l d s : real a n d
shed d u r i n g t h e author's l i f e t i m e ; i n i t , M a l i n o w s k i is por
art,
latter's
trayed as Edgar D u k e o f N e v e r m o r e , a n d W i t k i e w i c z -
m e n t i o n e d by K . Jaspers, w h i l e S. Ossowski, w h o creatively
as
together
with
the
timeless
presence,
was
B u n g o . T h e a u t h o r n o t o n l y depicts the d i f f e r e n t attitudes o f
adapted elements o f S c h o p e n h a u e r i a n
the t w o m e n towards science, art and life, b u t also notes t h a t
the correctness o f the thesis o f " l i v i n g f o r a m o m e n t " ,
already i n this early " l i t e r a r y v e r s i o n " one may
c o n v e n i e n t i n the r e c e p t i o n o f art.
encounter
premises for t h e subsequent ( i n 1914) b r e a k i n g o f a very clo
thought, launched
T h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s o f c o n t e m p o r a r y art, i n c l u d i n g t h e
se f r i e n d s h i p (the o f f i c i a l reason being t h e i r disparate a t t i t u
des towards the w a r ) . T h i s " l i t e r a r y " version is referred t o
the a c t u a l relationship, a l t h o u g h its models and m o t i f s can
be f o u n d also i n l i t e r a t u r e f r o m the Young Poland p e r i o d .
q u a n t u m t h e o r y a n d relativistic cosmology, w h i c h negate
" t h e a r r o w o f t i m e " a n d even p e r m i t t h e possibility o f
designating its d i r e c t i o n i n c e r t a i n regions o f the universe,
appear t o go h a n d i n h a n d w i t h t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l i n t u i t i o n
o f Schopenhauer, i n w h i c h t i m e c a n be l o c a t e d also outside
Two Eagles. A n Interview Held by Katarzyna Suchcicka
with Agneta Pleijel
t h e t r a d i t i o n a l laws o f e a r t h l y causality. We w o u l d like t o
A c o n v e r s a t i o n h e l d w i t h A g n e t a Pleijel, a u t h o r o f the b o o k
l i v e d , is assisted by experienced c o n t a c t w i t h art.
Lord
Nevermore,
telling
the
story o f t h e
believe t h a t l i b e r a t i o n f r o m these laws, e v e n i f o n l y short
complicated
f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n Stanisław I . W i t k i e w i c z (one o f t h e most
Teresa Grzybkowska, The Lady from Elche
p r o m i n e n t figures i n Polish art u p t o t h e second w o r l d war)
T h i s t e x t is a fragment o f Podróże Tajemne (Secret Journeys),
a n d Bronisław M a l i n o w s k i ( w o r l d - f a m o u s a n t h r o p o l o g i s t ) .
a c u r r e n t l y w r i t t e n account o f a j o u r n e y to Spain, A s i a M i n o r
T h e p u b l i c a t i o n , w h i c h is n o t a d o c u m e n t a r y w o r k , i n t e n d s
and Sicily. T h e t i t u l a r Lady o f Elche is a likeness of a female,
also, i f n o t p r i m a r i l y , t o f o l l o w t h e c o n f r o n t a t i o n b e t w e e n
carved i n stone, discovered at the e n d o f the n i n e t e e n t h
263
SUMMARY OF ARTICLES
c e n t u r y i n Spain a n d almost i m m e d i a t e l y taken to Paris, f r o m
a s y m b o l . A u t h o r describes p a r t i c u l a r features o f skyscraper
w h i c h i t was r e t u r n e d to the A r c h a e o l o g i c a l M u s e u m i n
i n its c u l t u r a l contexts. I t can be i n t e r p r e t e d as a "pseudo-
M a d r i d i n 1941. T h i s unusual w o r k o f art became the topic
t e m p l e " : the " t e m p l e o f m o n e y " .
o f reflections about Iberian art - the sculpture, w h i c h tells the
b e a u t i f u l and haughty face predict the pathos and archaism
Peter Martyn, A British Troy in The Heanland? (On The
Flourishing, Dissolution and Ultimate Oblivion of An Urban
Civilisation)
o f hieratic ceremony at the Toledo a n d M a d r i d courts o f
T h e author, a C o v e n t r i a n by b i r t h , has sought to place i n an
story o f bygone days, depicts a female deity i n ceremonial
costume,
whose
magnificent
jewellry and
majestically
m o d e r n Spanish monarchs. T h e Lady o f Elche conceals the
appropriate historic c o n t e x t the vestigial urbane features o f
secret o f eternal y o u t h , an a t t r i b u t e o f a goddess whose image
w h a t for a long time, before the nearby, modem-age
w i l l always r e m a i n anonymous, comprising the very essence
constantly
o f royal f e m i n i n i t y suffused w i t h d i v i n e tranquillity.
transmuting urban accretion
and
of Birmingham
usurped its position, was the urbs p r i m a o f the M i d l a n d s .
Based largely o n t w o English-language articles published i n
Barbara Czamiawska, A need for symmetrical ethnology in
management studies
Warsaw, the text is i n t e n d e d for Polish readers to bring i n t o
M o d e r n i z a t i o n was never a process l i m i t e d to " n o n - m o d e r n "
inhabitants o f a city whose true apogee is seen to have been
countries,
involves
reached i n another, m u c h earlier age. I n spite o f the v i o l e n t
everybody i n the c o n t e m p o r a r y w o r l d , a l t h o u g h i n d i f f e r e n t
course of events under H e n r y V I I I and his progeny, there is
but
a process t h a t c o n t i n u e s
and
focus
the unique i d e n t i t y and culture generated
by
the
forms a n d w i t h v a r y i n g results. T h e r e f o r e , the postulate o f
ample i f fragmentary evidence to suggest that, d u r i n g the
" s y m m e t r i c a l a n t h r o p o l o g y " , or " s y m m e t r i c a l
ethnology"
prolonged struggle for p o l i t i c a l power waged t h r o u g h o u t m u c h
f o r m u l a t e d by B r u n o L a t o u r b u t p r a c t i c e d already by such
o f the B r i t i s h Isles and France ruled by the Plantagenets,
is o f
great
C o v e n t r y h a d been t a k i n g shape as an u r b a n republic i n
i m p o r t a n c e , especially i n the field o f m a n a g e m e n t ,
which
embryonic f o r m . Rapid decline i n the 16th century a n d a
great
anthropologists
as
M a r s h a l l Sahlins,
anthropological
m a r k e d abstention f r o m the m a i n trends i n so-called n a t i o n a l
scrutiny. W h i l e t h e w a v e o f " o r g a n i z a t i o n a l c u l t u r e " studies
affairs right d o w n to the 2 0 t h century relegated to the remote
m a d e the first e n c r o a c h m e n t i n this t r a d i t i o n , i t is n o w t i m e
past the unquestionable significance o f a B r i t i s h analogy for
was
traditionally excluded
from
the
to collapse s u c h d i c h o t o m i e s as " t e c h n i c a l - i d e o l o g i c a l " , or
the Greek
" s y m b o l i c - p r a c t i c a l " a n d pay m o r e a t t e n t i o n to the rituals o f
inhabitants as a G o t h i c equivalent of the Celestial
polis or G e r m a n
Freistadt. Worshipped by its
m o d e r n i t y , a n d to the role o f fashion a n d mimesis i n the
Coventry's independence was secured by the burgess at the
City,
global economy. T h i s article discusses t h e challenges a n d
expense o f feudal overlordship and ecclesiastical authority.
t h e promises of such an a p p r o a c h to m o d e r n c u l t u r e .
T h i s enclave o f m u n i c i p a l liberty was to itself fall v i c t i m to
encroachments
Jerzy S. Wasilewski, The Travelling Ethnologist. Confucius in
Front of a Camera, the Female Shaman with a Microphone
A successive f r a g m e n t i n a series describing the experiences
by
the
Crown
(Dissolution
of
the
Monasteries; Charles IPs order t h a t the city walls be spited),
c u l m i n a t i n g i n direct state interference and c o n t r o l (collapse
o f the outworkers' m o v e m e n t f o l l o w i n g the
1860
Anglo-
o f a k n o w n e t h n o l o g i s t o n a voyage to the C u l t u r e of the Far
French Free Trade A c t ) .
East. T h i s t i m e , W a s i l e w s k i shares observations
T h e r e is absolutely n o t h i n g n e w i n the m a x i m t h a t history
f r o m his
stay i n Korea a n d meetings w i t h K o r e a n shamans, w h i c h i n
tends to be t o l d by its v i c t o r s . A n hypothesis based o n the
i t i a l l y appeared d i s a p p o i n t i n g a n d o n l y later led to an u n
c o n c e p t o f post-mediaeval u r b a n d i s s o l u t i o n m u s t reject t h e
d e r s t a n d i n g o f local specificity. "Slowly, I became aware o f
s t a n d a r d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t u r b a n g r o w t h forms p a r t o f a
the fact t h a t I s h o u l d be d e c i p h e r i n g the values l y i n g at the
decisive
basis o f K o r e a n s h a m a n i s m
as
u l t i m a t e l y global, c i v i l i s a t i o n . C o n v e n t i o n a l endeavours to
a c o m p l e x o f artistic p r o d u c t i o n s , e x p a n d e d i n a m a n n e r n o t
perceive d e v e l o p m e n t s i n the city o f the past i n terms o f
e n c o u n t e r e d a n y w h e r e else i n the w o r l d . A v e r i t a b l e c o n
c o n s t a n t progress fail to adequately a c c o u n t for the h i g h l y
test o f the fine arts, w h e r e the success o f the female s h a m a n
c o m p l e x a n d o n the w h o l e vaguely d e f i n e d mechanisms
is measured i n such disciplines as dance, song, r e c i t a t i o n o f
so-called
m y t h s , legends a n d fables, the art o f f o r t u n e - t e l l i n g , conver
become a n u r b a n l a b o r a t o r y i n w h i c h a new social order
sations a n d banter w i t h the audience, a n d , finally, the co
based o n t e c h n o l o g i c a l advance was supposed to be forged,
i n a d i f f e r e n t way, m o r e
stume, m a k e - u p a n d even t h e art o f m a k i n g paper
flowers".
today's
c o n t i n u u m i n the
history of 'Western,
and
of
h i s t o r i c process. Fated i n the 2 0 t h c e n t u r y to
city
bears
the
stigmata
of
having
had
its
a r c h i t e c t u r a l p r o f i l e a n d very u r b a n l a y o u t t r a n s f o r m e d
Tomasz Wit Szerszeń, " I n the Shade of the Skyscraper" -
b e y o n d r e c o g n i t i o n i n the course o f several generations.
an Attempt at an Anthropological View of New Architecture in
Warsaw
T h e gaping shell o f St. Michael's cathedral c h u r c h w i t h its
The
article
is d e v o t e d
to a n
contemporary architecture
skyscrapers-
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l study
i n Warsaw:
especially
of
m a g n i f i c e n t steepled b e l l tower offers the most p r o m i n e n t
of
testimony, i n soaring stone, to the glory t h a t must once have
the
been C o v e n t r y . N e v e r
designed
to serve as
a
bishop's
cathedral, b u t rather for the citizens as their o w n expression
h o w they exist i n the c o l l e c t i v e i m a g i n a t i o n .
(culturally
o f pious gratitude a n d above all civic p r i d e , apart f r o m their
understood) category o f h e i g h t a n d the image o f the city. H e
chapels, i t featured upper chambers where m a n y of the more
Author
emphasizes
the
relation
between
shows h o w the change i n o u r acquaintance w i t h h e i g h t is
important
reflected i n poetry, art a n d U t o p i a n ideas. A u t h o r presents
A l o n g s i d e the meagre a r c h i t e c t u r a l m o n u m e n t s preserved to
crafts
would
meet
and conduct
their affairs.
the r e c e p t i o n o f the sudden appearance o f skyscrapers i n
this day, the varied a n d changing contents of the so-called
Polish cityscape i n t h e early 90': they were c o n c e i v e d
as
mystery plays p r o v i d e v i t a l insight i n t o b o t h the city's c u l t u r a l
s o m e t h i n g e n t i r e l y new, o d d a n d mysterious. T h a n k s
to
and social life. T h e civic drama p e r f o r m e d by the crafts i n the
p o p u l a r press they have become p a r t o f a c o m m o n m y t h .
streets reflect
T h e y acquired features o f p a r a d o x i c a l a n d ambiguous life o f
original m o r a l i t y a n d miracle plays enacted by the monastic
264
a growing
t r e n d towards secularising
the
SUMMARY OF ARTICLES
orders. Religiousness and spirituality remained a v i t a l part of
strong b o n d w i t h the experiences o f the body, as evidenced by
these pageants, b u t equally i m p o r t a n t ingredients
its very name: the j u d g m e n t o f taste. Sensual
were
experience,
comedy, satire and a n increasingly p r o n o u n c e d reference t o
even i f we were to be aware of its fallibility, still remains one
pagan mythology. A p a r t f r o m a n o n g o i n g socio-economic
o f t h e most
crisis, the gradual demise o f Coventry's ' D r a m a t i c Mysteries'
contacts w i t h the w o r l d ; hence transcending the j u d g m e n t o f
personal
and i n t i m a t e ways o f
establishing
reflects the c u l t u r a l and p o l i t i c a l distress t h a t befell the city
taste is t a n t a m o u n t to transgressing the c u l t u r a l l i m i t a t i o n s o f
d u r i n g England's o w n royal enterprise of r e f o r m a t i o n . T h i s
o w n experiences. T h e
was ensued by a brief b u t bloody spell of c o u n t e r - r e f o r m a t i o n
m e n t i o n e d group of researchers was based t o a considerable
before the Elizabethan 'Renaissance' ensconced itself i n the
degree o n works by Pierre B o u r d i e u a n d his theory about the
c o u r t capital. W h i l e the rise o f P u r i t a n i s m sounded the d e a t h
socially classifying role o f the j u d g m e n t o f taste.
knell
to local
creative
genius
throughout the
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n proposed by above
country,
t h r e a t e n i n g even London's e b u l l i e n t theatre life, attempts
were t a k e n , t h r o u g h the avoidance of Biblical references, to
Grzegorz Sokół, The Madonna of Częstochowa
National Symbol
salvage s o m e t h i n g o f the ' C o v e n t r y E n t e r t a i n m e n t s ' . Based
A n abbreviated version o f a w o r k w r i t t e n as part o f ethnology
o n Joseph Flavius's T h e Jewish War, the play metaphorically
courses at W a r s a w
t i t l e d T h e D e s t r u c t i o n of Jerusalem is i n t e r p r e t e d by the
c o n d u c t e d i n the Częstochowa sanctuary a n d Licheń i n 1998.
as the Polish
U n i v e r s i t y , a n d based o n
research
a u t h o r as a parable of the M i d l a n d s city's o w n demise. I t
T h e author i n q u i r e d about the n a t i o n a l a n d religious message
seems q u i t e likely t h a t , as opposed to the o u t l a w e d pageants,
of the
t h e 1584 performance was staged i n just one place, o n the site
Częstochowa, the shaping of its significance, and the r e l a t i o n
of Coventry's o w n temple, w h i c h
the
likeness
o f the
Madonna
of
demolished
between its religious universality and n a t i o n a l or o u t r i g h t
w i t h i n l i v i n g m e m o r y i n the late 1540s: the first cathedral
personal particularism. T h e pilgrims usually assess the direct
and Benedictine
c o m b i n a t i o n o f official n a t i o n a l symbols w i t h
Priory. T h e
h a d been
s y m b o l , i . e.
annual procession
o f Lady
the
Black
holy image
thus
G o d i v a , first i n t r o d u c e d i n the 1 7 t h c e n t u r y as a m u c h
M a d o n n a negatively, c l a i m i n g t h a t the
needed substitute for the d i s c o n t i n u e d 'Mysteries', seems to
becomes partially desacralised and - especially i f one poses
d r a w its roots f r o m a m a t r i a r c h i c a l d i v i n i t y . B o r n o u t o f the
this
worship o f n a t u r a l forces a n d spectacles i n times p r e d a t i n g
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . A t the same time, the very presentation of the
the i n t r o d u c t i o n of Christianity, such rites, as w e l l as being
Częstochowa p a i n t i n g possesses a specifically Polish character,
instrumental
w h i c h is the reason w h y i t can f u n c t i o n independently as a
i n the
city's
creation,
c o u l d easily
have
i n f l u e n c e d its r i c h mediaeval pageantry.
as
portrayed
of
tragedies,
comedies
openly
-
calls
for
a
slightly d i f f e r e n t
n a t i o n a l symbol. T h e "concealed" contents, i . e. those w h i c h
Lastly, b u t c e r t a i n l y n o t least, events a n d sentiments
i n the
question
a n d histories
are n o t o n l y visually manifested i n the d e p i c t i o n , b u t w h i c h
nonetheless constitute a n extremely essential c o m p o n e n t of
Shakespearean d r a m a appear n o t o n l y t o be c o n n e c t e d w i t h
its message, possess a n u m b e r of assorted sources.
b u t t o actually d r a w t h e i r origins f r o m C o v e n t r y . I t seems as
reconstruction o f the symbol w i t h i n an i n t e r v i e w takes place
good as c e r t a i n
t h a t the ethos o f the city'ss
The
dramatic
u p o n the basis of its historically shaped significance a n d its
Mysteries, the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f w h i c h were never
current, pragmatic context. T h e a u t h o r also a t t e m p t e d to
transcribed a n d thus never h a n d e d d o w n t o posterity, f i n d
perform a semantic-historical analysis o f the sources o f the
t h e i r expression i n the Shakespearean heritage.
contents o f the titular image by d i v i d i n g the examined issue
according to its four aspects: cult, miracle, iconography and
politics. H e also delved i n t o the composite r e l a t i o n between
Ewa Klekot, H o l y Pictures, Lichen and the Judgment of Taste
F r o m 1997
students
to 1999
the a u t h o r c o n d u c t e d , together
of ethnology
concerning
at
contemporary
Warsaw
with
area o f
examination
of
the
perception
of
an
object
of
f r o m the v i e w p o i n t o f its aesthetics - the c h u r c h o f H o l y
Providence i n Wesoła, w i t h a n i n t e r i o r designed by Jerzy
aesthetic
a n d a n object w h i c h gave rise t o certain
protest
-
the
sanctuary
in
Licheń.
be
This
seems
to
i n t e l l e c t u a l nature, a derivative of our process o f contrasting
c o n t e m p o r a r y sacral art, assessed positively by the researchers
Nowosielski -
the
opposition
Madonna.
i n t o a n intellectual p r o b l e m . A p p a r e n t l y , i t possesses a n
the
investigations was selected i n such a m a n n e r so as to facilitate
an
n a t i o n a l specificity of
Częstochowa
f u n d a m e n t a l a n d at times is frequently recognised and t u r n e d
U n i v e r s i t y , research
religious art. T h e
religious universality a n d the
The
investigations were concerned also w i t h t a k i n g a closer l o o k
the t w o categories, to w h i c h i t is d i f f i c u l t n o t to succumb once
one conducts their verbalisation. By referring t o the m o d e l
devised by V i c t o r Turner, the author declares t h a t the more
important line of division
runs n o t so m u c h
between
Polishness a n d universality as between the personal, o u t r i g h t
i n t i m a t e a t t i t u d e t o the M a d o n n a of Częstochowa a n d the
official stand.
at contemporary religious art t h r o u g h the eyes of its users.
H e n c e the visits i n Częstochowa and K a l w a r i a Zebrzydowska
Agnieszka Kuła, The Licheń Golgotha as an Example of the Rivalry
as well as a study o f the d e v o t i o n a l art m a r k e t . I t rapidly
of the Tradition and Popularity of the Way of the Cross Service
became apparent t h a t pride o f place was g i v e n to the value of
P e r t i n e n t research focused a t t e n t i o n o n the c o m b i n a t i o n
contemporary religious art a n d the possibility of applying the
w i t h i n the Licheń G o l g o t h a of t h e t r a d i t i o n of mediaeval
j u d g m e n t o f taste, w h i c h , based to a great measure o n sensual
Sacri M o n t i a n d the W a y o f t h e Cross service. T h e a u t h o r
experience, is the worst justified by means o f discourse or the
was also interested i n the image o f G o l g o t h a r e m e m b e r e d by
least susceptible to relativisation. T h e present-day j u d g m e n t
the visitors. D e p a r t u r e f r o m the symbolic
o f taste, f o u n d e d o n the e v a l u a t i o n of aesthetic qualities and
recreation o f reality leads t o a p r o f o u n d i n v o l v e m e n t o f the
the
participants o f the religious ceremony.
conviction
about
their
autonomy,
comprises
an
i n s t r u m e n t w i t h w h i c h we are equipped by our o w n c u l t u r a l
The
i n favour of a
principles o f
c o m p o s i t i o n , resembling those applied by the architects w h o
t r a d i t i o n - we simply "react w i t h the j u d g m e n t of taste" t o
created Sacri M o n t i , i . e. realism a n d the i s o l a t i o n o f the site
the m a t e r i a l effects of man's
w i t h the assistance o f v e r d a n t v e g e t a t i o n , are n o t o n l y to the
activity. T h e
artistic ( i n c l u d i n g musical)
aesthetic j u d g m e n t contains
a n extremely i
265
l i k i n g o f the f a i t h f u l b u t also facilitate t h e i r engagement.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLES
Antonina Bereza,
Devotional Picture
The
Functioning
of a
Contemporary
w a ] a n d S k ę p e ) a n d reviews select v o t i v e paintings featured
H o w are d e v o t i o n a l i a used? W h a t is t h e i r purpose? T h e
ged, a n d the same type o f t r u s t recuts for almost 300 years,
t h e r e i n . T h e essence o f miracle experiences has n o t c h a n
answers to these, at first glance, banal questions pose q u i t e
albeit probably less universally. It is reality w h i c h has suc
a d i f f i c u l t task. D e v o t i o n a l i a , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r d e v o t i o n a l
c u m b e d to t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s - the appearance o f a l c o h o l i s m
pictures, b e l o n g simultaneously
i n Poland a n d b a n d i t r y i n the U . S . A . (evidenced by the v o
to various w o r l d s -
the
w o r l d o f art, r e l i g i o n , sometimes specific magic, as w e l l as
ta o f M e x i c a n emigres).
the w o r l d o f objects o f daily use, o f souvenirs a n d small gifts.
The
a u t h o r t r i e d to d e m o n s t r a t e
t h e assorted f u n c t i o n s
Karolina Siemion, Miraculous and Ordinary Water
w h i c h c a n be f u l f i l l e d be d e v o t i o n a l i a a n d , at the same t i m e ,
A
the m u l t i p l e reflections o n t h i s t o p i c .
group " F i l m a n d p h o t o g r a p h y - m e t h o d s o f e t h n o g r a p h i c
study pursued as p a r t o f the e x p e r i m e n t a l
laboratory
d o c u m e n t a t i o n " , c o n d u c t e d by P. Szacki, К . B r a u n a n d A .
Magdalena Jagiełło, From Holiness to the Mundane - or on
the Profanity of the Devotional Image during the Decline of the
elderly) was gathered i n 1999 i n the regions o f Krasnobród,
Audiovisual Epoch
Rzeszów
T h i s text is one of the results of investigations carried o u t i n
supplemented
Częstochowa as part of a laboratory dealing w i t h
composed
devotional
Różycki.
The
material
( m a i n l y conversations
with
a n d K r o s n o as w e l l as i n Gietrzwałd,
the
a n d was
by a b o u t
200
photographs.
The
of t w o parts:
the
first
to " o r d i n a r y
and
the
second -
pertains
kitsch. T h e author embarked u p o n an a t t e m p t at describing
water",
the present-day c o n d i t i o n of the holy image. T h e emergence of
m i r a c u l o u s spring appears suddenly -
to " m i r a c u l o u s
w o r k is
water".
The
i t gushes t h a n k s to
such extreme forms o f devotional objects as the ones she
the i n t e r v e n t i o n o f
encountered i n the course o f her studies, and the impossibility
r e v e l a t i o n o f the V i r g i n M a r y - the subsequent patrons o f
a saint a n d is o f t e n associated w i t h a
o f perceiving i n t h e m any incorrectness and profanation are,
the f o u n t . T h i s is t h e source of t h e water's h e a l t h - g i v i n g
according to the author, the outcome o f the encroaching new
properties, w h i c h r e m a i n c o n s t a n t
audiovisual epoch w h i c h has produced i n us novel instruments
the spring. T h e m e d i c i n a l a n d magic effects o f the w a t e r
unless someone sullies
o f perception, rendering us helpless i n the face o f a new reality
increase d u r i n g specific periods, e. g. at Easter. U p to this
that combines f i c t i o n a n d t h a t w h a t is real, and obliterates the
day, t h e c u s t o m o f d r a w i n g water f r o m a spring at m i d n i g h t
boundary between the w o r l d o f the sacrum and the profanum.
or i m m e d i a t e l y before d a w n is c u l t i v a t e d i n m a n y parts o f
Izabella Dzienisiewicz, The Image of Licheń in the Media and
in the Eyes of the Pilgrims
p a r t i c u l a r day endows i t w i t h special qualities.
Poland. T h e fact t h a t n o one h a d yet d r a w n water o n t h a t
A d e s c r i p t i o n o f the M a r i a n Sanctuary i n L i c h e ń as w e l l as
Małgorzata Baranowska, The Postcard
the way i n w h i c h i t is perceived by p i l g r i m s a n d the media.
T h e a u t h o r has been c o l l e c t i n g postcards for years, a n d has
C o n d u c t e d research d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t the f o r m e r consider
b r o a c h e d this topic i n assorted publications ( i . a. " K o n t e k
the Sanctuary t o be a w o n d r o u s a n d m a g n i f i c e n t place,
sty" 3-4/1992 a n d " V i s u a l A n t h r o p o l o g y " , v o l . 7, n o . 3,
where everyone experiences s t i r r i n g e m o t i o n s a n d w h i c h
1995). T h e
pilgrims leave s p i r i t u a l l y u p l i f t e d . T h e d i a m e t r i c a l l y diffe
blems associated w i t h the classification o f postcards.
presented
t e x t indicates
predominantly pro
r e n t image o f L i c h e ń f o r m e d by t h e media employs such
c o l l e c t i o n is as i f a " n a t u r a l " , c u l t u r a l state o f the postcards,
expressions as k i t s c h , tawdriness, a n d " a r c h i t e c t u r a l debau
w h i c h , i n t u r n , i m m e d i a t e l y p r o d u c e t h e f o r m o f a collec
The
c h e r y " , a n d draws a t t e n t i o n t o the e x o r b i t a n t costs o f the
t i o n , the p r i m e reason being t h a t f r o m its very onset the p o
u n d e r t a k i n g . T h e a u t h o r presents her o w n p e r c e p t i o n of L i
stcard is " t h e offspring o f the n o t i o n of a series". T h e deve
c h e n , a n d as a " n o n - t r a n s p a r e n t e t h n o g r a p h e r " concludes
l o p m e n t o f p r i n t i n g , industry, c o p y i n g , a n d the m o d e r n p o
t h a t we are d e a l i n g w i t h a p o s t m o d e r n sanctuary.
ssibilities o f r e p r o d u c t i o n became c o m b i n e d w i t h i m a g i n a
t i o n , a l o n g i n g to t r a v e l , the c u l t o f all t h a t is exotic, a n d i n
Jacek Olędzki, Mexico. Contemporary Miracle Consciousness
t i m a t e reminiscences. T h e postcard is a being w h i c h c a n be
Jacek Olędzki, The Marian Sanctuary in Bardo Śląskie
classified i n an almost endless n u m b e r o f ways. A s a rule, we
For almost fifty years Jacek Olędzki has been e x a m i n i n g m i
deal w i t h classifications
racles, a n d has published, also i n our periodical, texts about
b u t i t is w o r t h n o t i n g the presence o f "producer's collec
miracle sensitivity a n d v o t a . T h i s t i m e , he considers M e x i c a n
t i o n s " (the a u t h o r draws a t t e n t i o n to several extremely i n
imposed by p a r t i c u l a r
collectors,
vota, so-called retabk>s. A s i n the past, M a r i a n and Jesus sanc
teresting series d e v o t e d to N a p o l e o n ) . C o l l e c t i n g postcards
tuaries i n M e x i c o are d o m i n a t e d by rather naive, t o u c h i n g
differs f r o m o t h e r types o f collections, for instance, stamps,
paintings executed o n t i n , always bearing an a d o r a t i o n i n
i . a. due to the fact t h a t a stamp c o l l e c t i o n represents a cer
scription e x p l a i n i n g the events w h i c h lay at the basis of the
t a i n value f r o m its very b e g i n n i n g . T h e a u t h o r also e m p h a
given v o t u m (thus, we may speak about a process of rende
sises t h a t postcards played a c e r t a i n part i n the p r o m o t i o n
r i n g public something w h i c l i frequently remains
o f the c i n e m a ( i . e. mass-scale d u p l i c a t e d portraits o f
extremely
nerated figure to w h o m a request or thanks are
film
stars a n d scenes).
p r i v a t e ) . A s a rule, each retablo includes a likeness of the ve
addressed.
T h e a u t h o r describes a n d analyses assorted examples o f reta
Jan Gondowicz, The Passions of Pastor Dogdson
blos, basing his text p r e d o m i n a n t l y o n material c o n t a i n e d i n
Lewis C a r r o l l , alias Charles L u t d w i g e Dodgson, is universally
the excellently published and admirable Miracles on the Bor
celebrated as the a u t h o r o f tantalising stories about A l i c e .
der: Retablos of Mexican Migrants to the United States by Jorge
T h e a u t h o r o f the presented text reveals the almost u n k n o w n
D u r a n d a n d Douglas S. Massey. I n his analysis o f e m i g r a t i o n ,
face o f Rev. D o d g s o n : a passion for photography. A certain
t h e a u t h o r notes t h a t i t was primarily a plebeian
p i q u a n t tinge to this years-long pastime is added by the fact
phenome
n o n , a n d compares i t to earlier tides o f Polish emigres.
t h a t the favourite models were prepubescent girls. I t must be
I n the n e x t text, Olędzki writes a b o u t one o f the most cele
added, however, that the sessions were always chaperoned by
brated c u l t centres i n Poland ( n e x t Jasna G ó r a
a governess (this was V i c t o r i a n England, after all!)
[Częstocho
266
SUMMARY OF ARTICLES
Andrzej Pieńkos, "My Buildings Are Paper, Like My Writings"
Residences of English Eighteenth-century Men of Letters.
Reduta i teatr makes t h e reader aware o f Osterwa's
distinctness i n the history o f the Polish theatre a n d theatrical
T h e amateur-architect originated i n England, where d u r i n g
c u l t u r e . A c t u a l l y , he r e m a i n e d i n i m i t a b l y u n i q u e despite the
fact t h a t i t is possible to indicate various analogies a n d
the first h a l f o f the eighteenth century there appeared
realisations of the "literary house", i . e. architecture shaped as
an artistic concept o f the writer. T h e house, the palace and
the castle were n o longer the image of the w o r l d , a reflection
and a symbol of cosmic order; they became the r e f l e c t i o n o f a
private order. T h e house as the seat o f private dreams became
increasingly frequently the auteur w o r k of the owner, a feat
achieved just as often by ignoring norms b i n d i n g at the t i m e .
T h e a u t h o r analyses the residences o f A l e x a n d e r Pope i n
Twickenham, Lord Burlington in Chiswick, William
Shenstone i n T h e Leasowes gardens, H o r a c e W a l p o l e i n
Strawberry H i l l , a n d W i l l i a m B e c k f o r d i n F o n t h i l l A b b e y .
A l l these objects c o n s t i t u t e realisations o f conceptions
devised by the writers, a n d to a lesser or greater degree
discarded the a r c h i t e c t u r a l n o r m s o f the p e r i o d .
T h i s tendency towards architecture n o t conceived i n an
a r c h i t e c t u r a l mode is p a r t i c u l a r l y v i v i d l y d i s t i n c t i v e i n
F o n t h i l l A b b e y a n d Strawberry H i l l : despite the p a r t i c i p a t i o n
o f architects, the buildings remained the s u b l i m a t i o n of
literature. N e i t h e r the Pope residence n o r any other examples
can be i n c l u d e d i n t o the history proper o f the artists' studios.
Nonetheless, they r e m a i n o u t s t a n d i n g instances o f the
"artist's h o m e " , and thus a place associated w i t h his oeuvre by
means o f assorted bonds, creating his m i l i e u - the complex of
i n s p i r a t i o n and the c o n t e x t o f reception.
Zbigniew Osiński, Osterwa's Loneliness. What Is New
Research about the Reduta Theatre?
in
Texts by Juliusz O s t e r w a , w h i c h the a u t h o r has gathered i n
his book Reduta i teatr. Artykuły - Wywiady - Wspomnienia
1914-1947 (Reduta a n d the T h e a t r e . A r t i c l e s - I n t e r v i e w s Reminiscences 1914-1947, W r o c l a w 1991), were never
i n t e n d e d as a t e x t b o o k addressed to actors a n d directors.
N o r d o they c o n t a i n t e c h n i c a l remarks or records o f actors'
t r a i n i n g . T h e presented p u b l i c a t i o n is p r i m a r i l y a register o f
the traces o f Osterwa's creative p a t h , left b e h i n d by h i m i n
the course o f 33 years. T h e actor, director, c o - f o u n d e r o f the
Reduta T h e a t r e a n d its head, constitutes a p r o m i n e n t
chapter i n the history o f the theatre and for some still
remains a v i t a l i n s p i r a t i o n . U l t i m a t e l y , every a u t h e n t i c
Polish theatre c o m p a n y is c o m p e l l e d to c o n f r o n t the Reduta
experiences and declare its stand towards t h e m : as c i t h e r
pro or con. T h e r e is simply n o t o t h e r way to act. T h i s is the
reason w h y the a u t h o r considered i t i m p o r t a n t to salvage as
m u c h as possible of Osterwa's statements, either w r i t t e n or
made i n assorted i n t e r v i e w s . A f t e r a l l , we can never tell
w h a t , a n d w h e n w i l l p r o v e valuable. C e r t a i n strongly
embedded stereotypes o f a p p r o a c h i n g b o t h O s t e r w a and the
Reduta T h e a t r e i n c l u d e the o f t repeated, even up to this
very day, o p i n i o n t h a t the most i n t e r e s t i n g a n d i m p o r t a n t
was the First Warsaw Reduta f r o m 1919-1925. W h y c a n n o t
the same be said a b o u t t h e W i l n o R e d u t a ( 1 9 2 5 1929/1931), the Warsaw Reduta I n s t i t u t e (1931-1939) or
projects o f the " D a l " a n d "Geneza" theatrical fraternities
d a t i n g f r o m the occupation? A n o t h e r such stereotype is the
c o n v i c t i o n t h a t the Reduta staged exclusively a Polish
especially inspirations i n the closer and m o r e distant past.
A l m o s t all the questions posed i n Reduta i teatr appear to be
still very m u c h topical, even i f their w o r d i n g
m i g h t seem
slightly anachronic. T h e most significant ones are: 1 . w h a t is
the nature of the creative theatrical company? 2. w h a t does
" t h e ethos o f a c o m p a n y " denote? 3. w h a t is the role played
by the headAeader of the company? 4- w h a t is the essence of
cooperation between the director and the actor? 5. w h a t
about the nature of actor's w o r k d e v o t e d to his role? 6. w h a t
is the present-day m e a n i n g of "social engagement" i n art, i n
other words, the theatre conceived a n d practised as a service?
T h e title o f this article i n t e n t i o n a l l y refers to V s e v o l o d
M e y e r h o l d ' s article f r o m 1921: Odinochiestvo Stanislavskogo
( T h e Loneliness of Stanislavski), at the t i m e n o t translated
i n t o P o l i s h . S u c h a r e f e r e n c e conceals a p r o f o u n d
c o n v i c t i o n t h a t against the b a c k d r o p o f the Polish theatre
and artistic c u l t u r e of the p e r i o d the endeavours pursued by
O s t e r w a and the Reduta T h e a t r e were a n isolated, a l t h o u g h
by n o means f u t i l e , effort.
Michał Łuczewski, How Belorussian Flower Tackled America
A n essay o n the social reflections o f M e l c h i o r Wańkowicz,
r e c o n s t r u c t e d p r i m a r i l y u p o n the basis o f a series of reporta
ges f r o m A m e r i c a : W ślady Kolumba ( T r a c i n g the Steps o f
C o l u m b u s ) , composed of: Atlantyk-Pacyfik ( 1 9 6 6 ) , Królik
i oceany (Rabbit a n d Oceans, 1968), a n d W pępku Ameryki
( I n t h e N a v e l o f A m e r i c a , 1969). N a t u r a l l y , W a ń k o wicz's w o r l d o u t l o o k is far f r o m u n i f o r m a n d does n o t yield
a d e d u c t i v e system. Its f u n d a m e n t a l elements i n c l u d e a de
s c r i p t i o n o f (a) technocracy, whose best developed f o r m is
to be f o u n d i n the U n i t e d States; (b) the c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n
technocracy a n d organic c u l t u r e , „civilisation„ a n d „culture„; (c) the ways a n d means o f t r a n s f o r m i n g organic c u l t u r e
i n t o its t e c h n o c r a t i c c o u n t e r p a r t ; (d) the positive and nega
tive aspects o f technocracy a n d organic c u l t u r e ; (e) the
c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n values venerated i n technocracy; (f) the
obstacles e n c o u n t e r e d by technocracy ( b o t h inscribed i n its
d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e x t e r n a l barriers); (g) the strategy used by
organic c u l t u r e for the sake o f its p r o t e c t i o n ; (h) strategies
applied by technocracy i n a b a t t l e waged against its deficit
o f values. Wańkowicz sought refuge against soulless t e c h n o
cracy i n Poland, b u t c o n t e m p o r a r y generations are bereft o f
such as h a v e n .
Anna Spiss, O n the Usefulness of "Rubbish"
T h e article considers
the original o u t f i t t i n g o f a flat and
staircase i n an o l d t o w n house i n the Kazimierz district of
Cracow. T h e author and executor is one of the residents,
Stefan L., a house painter and stove fitter by profession. T h e
interiors, and especially the staircase, were embellished by
resorting to various gadgets, gaily coloured packaging and food
and industrial containers, old calendars, reproductions o f
pictures, etc. T h e ensuing composition yielded particular
sequences o n g i v e n themes, e.g. p o l i t i c s , sports, or
m o n u m e n t s . Together w i t h his wife, the a u t h o r arranged next
to the house a garden (to be seen today) i n t e n d e d for c h i l d r e n ,
repertoire, w h i l e Osinski's b o o k shows t h a t one o f the
c o n s t a n t features o f the c o m p a n y headed by O s t e r w a a n d
Mieczysław L i m a n o w s k i was its readiness a n d openness to
accept changes, a n d the fact t h a t i t f o u n d itself i n a
p e r e n n i a l statu nascendi, as e v i d e n c e d by three successive
Reduta Statutes.
267
and maintained i n a similar style. A f t e r the death of Stefan L.,
the interior decoration was n o t l i q u i d a t e d . True, his artistic
proposals have n o t been emulated, b u t they c o n t i n u e to enjoy
the approval of the occupants of the house as well as passcrsby
and tourists.
Рок/ca Sztuka Ludowa
KONTEKSTY
C U L T U R A L A N T H R O P O L O G Y • ETHNOGRAPHY • A R T
2002, V o l . L V I N o 1-2 (256-257). I n d e x 369403. I S S N 1230-6142. Price 24 zł
I N S T I T U T E O F A R T P O L I S H A C A D E M Y O F SCIENCES, C U L T U R E F U N D A T I O N
Contents 1-2/2002
ZBIGNIEW BENEDYKTOWICZ
Time i n Ethnography
2
Biography and Art
KRYSTYNA B A R T O L
G I O V A N N I CERRI
ALEKSANDRA MELBECHOWSKA-LUTY
Read, Read H o m e r . . .
5
Odysseus - A H e r o W h o Tells H i s O w n Story
6
Cywilizacja - Trans-Atlantyk. T h e O c e a n , Ships a n d H a v e n s o f
N o r w i d and Gombrowicz
LECH SOKÓŁ, EDGAR
* * * T w o EAGLES
A G N E T A PLEIJEL
A N N A MALANOWSKA
T O M A S Z GRYGIEL
TERESA GRZYBKOWSKA
17
D u k e o f N e v e r m o r e a n d B u n g o . Bronisław M a l i n o w s k i as a
C h a r a c t e r i n t h e O e u v r e o f Stanisław Ignacy W i t k i e w i c z
29
A n I n t e r v i e w H e l d by K a t a r z y n a S u c h c i c k ą w i t h A g n e t a Pleijel
37
Lord Nevermore
41
T h e T h e a t r i c a l i s a t i o n o f t h e F u n e r a l o f S. 1. W i t k i e w i c z
53
A V i c t o r y o f A r t over T i m e ? F r o m t h e C u r r e n t Premises o f
Schopenhauerian T h o u g h t
69
T h e Lady f r o m E l c h e
73
Ethnology Today
BARBARA CZARNIAWSKA
A N e e d For S y m m e t r i c a l E t h n o l o g y i n M a n a g e m e n t Studies
JERZY S. WASILEWSKI
T h e Travelling Ethnologist. Confucius i n Front of a Camera,
the Female S h a m a n w i t h a M i c r o p h o n e
79
87
Urban Anthropology
T O M A S Z W I T SZERSZEŃ
" I n t h e Shade o f t h e Skyscraper" - a n A t t e m p t at a n
A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l V i e w o f N e w A r c h i t e c t u r e i n Warsaw
PETER M A R T Y N
94
A British Troy i n T h e Heartland? ( O n T h e Flourishing,
D i s s o l u t i o n and U l t i m a t e O b l i v i o n o f A n U r b a n C i v i l i s a t i o n )
104
Licheń and Contemporary Religious Sensitivity
E W A KLEKOT
H o l y Pictures, L i c h e ń a n d t h e J u d g m e n t o f Taste
117
GRZEGORZ SOKÓŁ
T h e M a d o n n a o f C z ę s t o c h o w a as t h e Polish N a t i o n a l S y m b o l
120
AGNIESZKA K U L A
T h e L i c h e ń G o l g o t h a as a n E x a m p l e o f the R i v a l r y o f t h e
A N T O N I N A BEREZA
T r a d i t i o n a n d P o p u l a r i t y o f t h e W a y o f t h e Cross Service
126
T h e F u n c t i o n i n g o f a Contemporary D e v o t i o n a l Picture
135
M A G D A L E N A JAGIEŁŁO
F r o m Holiness t o t h e M u n d a n e - or o n t h e P r o f a n i t y o f t h e
IZABELLA DZIENISIEWICZ
T h e Image o f Lichen i n t h e M e d i a a n d i n t h e Eyes o f t h e
D e v o t i o n a l Image d u r i n g t h e D e c l i n e o f t h e A u d i o v i s u a l E p o c h
Pilgrims
141
149
J A C E K OLĘDZKI
M e x i c o . C o n t e m p o r a r y M i r a c l e Consciousness
159
J A C E K OLĘDZKI
T h e M a r i a n S a n c t u a r y i n Bardo Śląskie
164
Miraculous and Ordinary Water
172
KAROLINA SIEMION
Biography and Ethnology: Victor Turner
M A T H I E U DEFLEM
M A Ł G O R Z A T A BARANOWSKA
JAN GONDOWICZ
R i t u a l , A n t i - S t r u c t u r e a n d R e l i g i o n : a Discussion o f V i c t o r
T u r n e r Processual Symbolic A n a l y s i s
188
T h e Postcard
200
T h e Passions o f Pastor D o g d s o n
207
268
I
ANDRZEJ PIEŃKOS
" M y B u i l d i n g s A r e Paper, L i k e M y W r i t i n g s " Residences o f
E n g l i s h E i g h t e e n t h - C e n t u r y M e n o f Letters.
ZBIGNIEW OSIŃSKI
209
Osterwa's Loneliness. W h a t Is N e w i n Research a b o u t t h e
Reduta Theatre?
M I C H A Ł LUCZEWSKI
A N N A SPISS
219
H o w t h e Belorussian F l o w e r T a c k l e d A m e r i c a
229
O n t h e Usefulness o f " R u b b i s h "
237
Reviews
TERESA G R Z Y B K O W S K A
JACEK O L Ę D Z K I
ALEKSANDER JACKOWSKI
JACEK OLĘDZKI
N o r w i d Recognised A n e w
240
A n O l d W o m a n i n a Cemetery
242
T h e Others
249
D r a w n w i t h a Single S t r o k e , or W h y D o Sparrows Bathe i n
t h e Sand i n A p r i l ?
SŁAWOMIR SlKORA
252
E t h n o g r a p h y as a W a y o f Life, o r M e e t i n g s w i t h V i l l a g e
Musicians
257
N o t e s o n the A u t o h o r
260
Summary o f Articles
262
Errata
Ważniejsze błędy dostrzeżone w numerze 1-4/2001 „ K o n t e k s t ó w "
Major mistakes perceived in this volume of K o n t e k s t y
N a s. 65 opublikowaliśmy p l a k a t Metamorfozy (esej teatralny) Włodzimierza Staniewskiego
a u t o r s t w a Krzysztofa M . Bednarskiego. A u t o r s t w o p l a k a t u m y l n i e przypisaliśmy i n n e j osobie.
WŁADZA
SII.A
Kożmińczyk
Łado,
'Quia
(1-110
Jasza
(Kija?)
1-412)
Statutu
provincialia
BYTOWAME
ZASWIAI V
Nija
Lado.
ITija
Heli
ITija
Jasza
(= Kija?)
(Leli)
( - Nija?)
(-1420)
Set mones
Cunradi
Lado,
Heli
(1423)
Jasza
(Leli)
Powieść
rzeczy is W/
Lada
Boda
Jesza
Lada
! Ya у a
llija"
Ńija?)
Leli
(1538)
Długosz
Dzidzilelia
Nija
(Dzidzilela),
(1455 14X0)
Dziewaua, M a
rzann, Pogoda,
Żywic
Miechowita
Jesza
Dzidzililia,
(1521)
Nija
Dz.iewiana.
Marzann.
Pogoda;
Łada. Leli i Po
leli
Lada, Jesza
Kija,
Dzidzilela;
Jesza/
L a d a , 1 cli
Boda
i Poleli;
Dziewanna/
Lada
Hipotetyczna systematyka funkcyjna bóstw prapolskich
269
Nija
W a r t y k u l e Leszka Kolankiewicza Widowiska polskie a religia Dionizosa pominięta została zamieszczona poniżej tabela:
Pomyłki wkradły się również d o podpisów p o d ilustracje w a r t y k u l e Andrzeja Pieńkosa Wulkaniczne spektakle natury w sztuce
nowoczesnej:
Podpis d o górnej i l u s t r a c j i ze strony 519 (J. C h . D a h l , Wezuwiusz widziany z brzegów C a p r i , 1822) p o w i n i e n się znaleźć p o d
i l . n a stronie 539, zaś podpis p o d i l . na s. 539 ( L . Robert, Z a t o k a Neapolitańska, 1821) odnosi się d o górnego obrazu n a s. 5 1 9 .
W podpisie d o d o l n e j i l . n a s. 519 niepotrzebnie powtórzona została data, w i n i e n o n brzmieć: J. P h . H a c k e r t , Wezuwiusz
w r o k u 1774, Kassel
N a s. 5 4 0 między ilustrację a podpis „wkradły s i ę " niepotrzebnie d w a wersy t e k s t u artykułu.
W a r t y k u l e Jacka Jana Pawlika S V D , Lalka w obrzędach pogrzebowych z a m i e n i o n a została k o l e j n o ś ć i l u s t r a c j i :
i l . ze s. 545 p o w i n n a być n a s. 5 4 9
i l . ze s. 5 4 6 p o w i n n a być n a s. 545
i l . ze s. 547 p o w i n n a być n a s. 5 4 8
i l . ze s. 5 4 8 p o w i n n a być n a s. 547
i l . ze s. 5 4 9 p o w i n n a być na s. 5 4 6
(podpisy p o d ilustracje pozostają n a s w y c h d a w n y c h miejscach).
W n o t a c h a u t o r s k i c h (s. 554) przekręcony został tytuł jednej z p u b l i k a c j i Pani Profesor Krystyny Bartol: właściwy tytuł
b r z m i Jamb i elegie.
I n the Author's Notes (p. 554) has been printed incorrectly the title of the publications of Professor Krystyna Bartol. The correct
title is: Jamb i elegie.
W angielskiej wersji spisu treści (s. 570) k i l k u a u t o r o m błędnie zostały przypisane tytuły referatów (na s k u t e k przesunięcia
k o l u m n y z n a z w i s k a m i względem k o l u m n y tytułów). Prawidłowa atrybucja poniżej:
I n the English-language version of contents (p. 570) the titles of some articles were wrongly attributed to the Authors. These should
read as follow:
Warren D . Anderson
The Ethical and Spiritual Aspects of A n c i e n t Greek Music
Leszek K o l a n k i e w i c z
Polish Spectacles and the Religion of Dionysus
Krzysztof R u t k o w s k i
Poetry and Rite. The Word and Tradition according to Mickiewicz
Zbigniew Taranienko
The Golden Ass of „Gardzienice"! the Uncovering of the Pace of Greece
Za te i i n n e pomyłki A u t o r ó w i Czytelników pragnęlibyśmy serdecznie przeprosić.
We would like to apologise to the Authors and the Readers for all these and any other mistakes.
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