http://zbiory.cyfrowaetnografia.pl/public/193.pdf
Media
Part of Różne / LUD 1961 t.47
- extracted text
-
642
lała równie'; Komisja
Inwentaryzacyjna
\V
skł8dzie:
mgr J. :Yrajchrzak,
Anna Wirpsza, Danuta Tyszkowska,
Cecylia Strzelczyk;
Władysław
Kręcichwost. Została również powołana Komisja Biblioteczno
Archiwalna.
Towarzystwo
posiada
swoją centralę
we Wrocławiu
przy ul. Nankera 4. Towarzystwo
posiada
804 członków
wpisanych
do specjalnej
księgi (po skreśleniu
członków zmarłych
i niepłacących
składek). Posiadają oni legitymację
Towarzystwa
i działają w ramach organizacyjnych
Oddziałów PTL.
Porównując
niniejsze sprawozdanie
z planem przedstawionym
na początku 1961 r. należy stwierdzić,
że zasadniczo plan został zrealizowan:-'
w znacznym
stopniu
(wydawniczy
naukowo-badawczy).
Największym
osiągnięciem
Towarzystwa
jest wydanie 269,6 arkuszy wydawniczych.
Do
osiągnięć
natury
organizacyjnej
należy ogromny
zryw nowowybraaego
Zarządu Głównego PTL w zakresie organizacji
prac Towarzystwa,
zgodnie z założeniami
Statutu
PTL.
O. G.
JAN
ż
ó
R
N
E
KUBARY
A CONTRlBUTlON
TO THE
STUDY
(on the Pacific
OF THE
ANCHORITE
ISLANDS
Ocean)
Summary
On the basis of explorations
which the <,.uthor carried out in the
Archipelago
of the Carolini Islands in 1871-1875 he has presented
the
life of the inhabitants
of above islands
which
were discovered
by
Bougainville
in 1768.
Jan Kubary begins his work with a characteristic
of the flora and
fauna of the isands and then proce des with an anthropological
examination
of the inhabitants
who, he believers, are of lVIelanesian race. According
to him their anatomical
build is mucl', inferior than in the South Polinesians, both as to the development.
of their limbs and the general
dimentions.
After
a thorough
description
of the anthropolocical
features
the
author
quotes
the characteristic
customs
of the population,
Le. the
numerical system and the vocabulary
of the inhabitants
of the Anchorite
and Samoa Islands.
That part of Kubary's
work with the annexed
paradigms of the grammatical
forms of the natives has very great value
even now. The author gives further a fairly detailed survey of the social
organization
on the islands;
he speaks of architecture.
arms, forms of
religious life and of social culture problems.
A great deal of his attention
is devoted to the question of youth education (initiation, taboo, good care
of the hair). To the problems of material culture belong also the descnptions of the Agomesian boats.
A detailed survey of all sorts of tooh; and
arms, as well as of methods to make clothing and prepare food, comes
at the end.
This ethnographic
work (unpublished
up to now) is a valuable
contribution
to the study of the Pacific Ocean primitive
tribes and of
their culture.
644
645
RYSZARD
GANSINIEC
LA TONSURE
DANS
LA CIVILISATION
:\1EDITERRA:\EENNE
Resume
Dcpuis l'etude magistrale
de :\1. Wilckcn sur l'Offrande
des cheveux,
nous ne possedons pas de recherches
comprehensives
sur la coupe des
cheveux rituelle. M. Wilcken en ethnographe
traita en premier lieu les
usances des peuplcs primitifs et n'evoqua les coutumes des peup!es anciens
que pour prouver ses propres vues. II y a done une lacune evidente dans
l'histoire
de la civilisation
des peuples anciens que nous essayons de
combIer. Nous preciserons
non seulement les rites et les usages se rapportant a la coupe des cheveux, mais nous mettrons aussi en vue leur
origine et leur fonction, nous determinerons
les motifs ou les emprunts
qui conduisirent
a la genese et a leur maintien durant des sil~cles. Pour
eette raison nous preferons
une exposition
historique
a une synthese
systematique.
D'apres ce plan l':Egypte et les peuples de l'Asie Mineure
forment un groupe politique et ethnographique
uni comme representants
de la civilisation orientale. L'Hellade et Rome constituent
l'autre groupe
qui donnait naissance a la civilisation
occidentale:
nous presenterons
ce
groupe d'une importance
exceptionnelle
pour la connaissance
plus approfondie de l'Occident comme seconde partie de notre etude dans l'annee
suivante de cette Revue.
En Egypte nous rencontrons
la coupe complete de la chevelure et de
la barbe depuis Ie commencement
de l'epoque historique, surtout a la cour
royale: obligatoire
pour les fonctionnaires
et employees royaux elle se
diffuse parmi les differentes
classes de la societe, penetrant
peu a peu
jusqu'a la bourgeoisie. C'etait alors sans doute une innovation relativement
recente: la preuve evidente en est la perruque
obligatoire
et la barbe
postiche des dignitaires
dans des actes officiels et publics. Nous sommes
enclins de voir dans cette innovation un reviremcnt
de la mentalite, une
manifestation
d'un esprit militaire,
discipline,
meme belliqueux.
Cette
explication
n'est pas conforme a la vue COUl'ante qui impute cette innovation a la prevalence
des raisons d'hygiene; nous ne nions pas que ces
raisons plus tard suffisaient amplement pour maintenir cette pratique qui,
du reste, jamais ne fut universelle, puisque les classes inferieures,
p. ex.
les pecheurs et la patres, resterent
fideles au costume des ancetres avec
leur chevelure
et leur barbe. Pour la classe des pretres
et en general
pour Ie persc11l1lo:lde service de temple, la tonsure devint au CaUl'S des
temps un signe distinctif de leur profession, parce qu'ils ]'etendaient,
pour
des raisons de purete absolue et ideale, non seulement aux sourcils, mais
a tous les cheV2UX du corps qu'ils rasaient soigneusement. - En outre,
on pratiquait
en Egypte la coupe des cheveux en signe de deuil, et l'offrande votive de la chevelure lors du recouvrement
de la sante apres une
maladie perilleuse.
II est probable
que plus tard, s'accommodant
a la
pratique
asiatique, les Egyptiens marquaient
les condamnes
aux travaux
forces dans les mines, par la tonsure de la mi-tete.
En Mesopotamie
nous trouvons chez les Sumeriens
des pratiques
tres
analogues aux egyptiennes,
et ce qui est plus, nous en constatons
l'isochronie complete. Aussi a-t-on des longtemps soup<;onne l'origine commune
peremptoirement
de quel centre cette coutume rayonnait. Tout de meme, il
de cette pratique, mais jusqu'a ce jour il nous est impossible d'affirmer
est de beauccup plus vraisemblable
que l'Egypte ait emprunte
cet usage
des Sumeriens que l contraire, a moins qu'on n'admette - comme propose
:VI. Hommel - un troisieme peuple a l'ouest de l' Arabie qui serait Ie vrai
createur de ces pratiques et dont les autres aient imite les coutumes. Les
Sumeriens ont done la tete et la face rasees, mais pour des ceremonies
officielles ils se servent de perruques
et de barbes postiches. Meme les
dieux s'accomodent
a ce ceremoniel
de la co Ul' royale. Mais jamais la
tonsure
ne devint aussi universelle
et populaire
qu'en Egypte et se
maintenait
durant les ages principalement
comme toilette exclusive, et par
la privilegiee,
des souverains
de Babylon.
Cette tradition
dynastique
survecut a tous les changements politiques et cataclysmes jusqu'a l'epoque
perse. - A cote de cette toilette de cour avec ses perruques
et barbes
postiches existaient
des usages populaires,
surtout la tonsure de deui!.
plus tard encore, apres l'evenement
des Assyriens semitiques,
les Babyloniens adopterent
deux formes de tonsure rituelle: l'offrande
votive des
cheveux et l'arrachement
de la chevelure et de la barbe en signe d'infamie
aux vaincus et aux prisonniers de guerre. Cet affront aux malheureux
est
d'une importance
exceptionnelle,
car en definitive
cette coutume
assyrienne crea la tonsure traditionnelle
des esclaves.
Quant aux Hittites,
les sculptures
et peintures
demontrent
l'cxistence
d'une tonsure de mi-tete chez leurs auxiliaires.
Sur les Israelites
nous sommes beaucoup miex informes que sur les
autres Semites grace aux nombreux ecrits d'un temps relativement
vieux:
la circonstance
qui rallie ce peuple comme precurseur
du christianisme
a la theologie d'aujoud'hui,
a plut6t complique l'interpretation
du rituel
q u·eclairci. Les Israelites ont la tonsure de deui! commune avec les autres
Semites, evidemment
com me survivance du primaire arrachement
des chevellX. Aussi Ie nazi rat n'est pas etranger
aux autres. Par contre, Ie costume des pretres et des levites est l'exacte imitation de la tenue des
prctres egyptiens.
Les Arabes possedent des tonsures beaucoup plus variees. Avant tout
:'?US rencontrons
une coiffure nationalc qui, au dire des Anciens, rappelait
Olen !a thesCis hellenique, c. a d. la coupe des frisons au-dessus du front,
H47
6-W
coupe commune sans doute aussi a d'autres peuplades semitiques. II nous
cst impossible de decider, si cette tonsure est la survivance rudimentaire
d'une coupe de chevelure plus extensive au meme complete (il y en avait
parmi les Arabes, p. ex. les Wahabites qui rasaient la tete entiere) au
l'emprunt
d'un autre clan asiatique se parant d'une demi-chevelure.
En
tout cas, cette frisure etait semblable a la coiffure nationale des peuplades
thraces, bien connue grace aux Abantes et aux Phrygiens habitant Ie sol
asiatique. - Ce que nous savons, du reste, des Arabes, se base sur des
mentions des ecrivains mahometans
et semble commun a taus les Semites.
La tonsure de deui! etait pratiquee parto ut, ainsi que la tonsure votive et
meme Ie nazirat: taus ces usages persistaient
avec une tenacite singuliere
jusqu'a nos jours. Toute une serie de tonsures semble etre empruntee de la
culture greco-romaine:
surtout l'aqiqa (tonsure des jeunes gens, plus tar d
des enfants) derivee de la tonsure des ephebes, la coupe de la chevelure
des esclaves et des prisonniers de guerre avec Ie rite de la manumission,
cnfin la coupe (l'arrachement)
des cheveux en signe d'infamie pour les
adulteres.
JAN
CZEKANOWSIG
THE
PODHALE
REGION
FROM THE
OF VIEW
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
POINT
Summary
The analysis of anthropological
conditions of the Podhale Region in
perspective of the anthropological
structure of the population dwelling in
the southern limitrophe zone of the Vistula Basin leads to the following
conclusions:
On the foothills of the Central Carpathian Mts, just as on the foothills
of the Sudets Mts, an archaic zone has survived consisting of an absolute
:najority of Lapponial element dwelling between the great route of Subcarpathian
loess formations,
connecting the Ukrainian
Steppe with the
inside of Western Europe, in the north and with the wooded Carpathian
slopes below the track
of the meadows
and pasture-grounds
called
poloniny and hale. Using that track the Wallachian shepherds moved from
the interior of the Balkan peninsula, almost up to the Danubian slopes
of the Western Carpathian
Mts.
The archaic zone of an overhelming
majority of Lapponial element
is most probably
a relic ol a formation
testified by the epipaleolithic
discovery from Ofnet in Bavaria.
The inhabitants
of the above mentioned
track
of meadows
and
pasture- grounds have some influence marks of the shepherd Wallachian
population with a considerable touch of Armenian element, comparatively
well preserved in the anthropologic
relics of the East Carpathian
population viz, in the Guzuls which became Slavianized not long ago.
The inhabitants
of Podhale,
although
they udoubted!y
belonged
previously to the anthropologic
shepherd group, prove to be much more
alike the population of the Sandecka Valley.
It proves that the main mass of the population
which settled in
Podhale came from that very direction. This is also in concordance with
the general topographic
configuration.
The population from the foothills
and especially from the Sandecka Valley moved in the mountains along
the valley of the Dunajec River. The more typical mountaineers
(Górale),
both Polish and Russian, in the Carpathian
zone of the Żywiec, Grzybów
and Gorlica Districts have still a marked resemblance to the WalIachians
from the Province of MoraVIa.
The Podhale Region, together with the neighbouring foothills, deserves
a thorough investigation
on a community scale, or still better a parish
scale, because the parishes are the genuine isolation centres of the village
population,
as it has been proved by Krystyna Modrzewska.
A district
scale is too general and effaces the local particularities.
It should be emphasized that the investigations
of Julian Talko-Hryncewicz didn't sufficiently
elucidate the anthropological
conditions of the
Podhale Region and its neighbouring foothills. They give erroneous results
because Talko-Hryncewicz
as an "experienced
anthropologist"
used to
chose "typical" samples, whereas correct results can be obtained only at
random, if one cannot embrace
the whole material
investigated.
His
results proved to be worse when he has dealt with the Gorais, looking
for the Dalmathian
type. As to his investigations
on the inhabitants
of
the foothills, the results are better, because there he didn't much care
about choosing his observation
material.
His other investigations
revealed that he had a special predilection
in choosing beautiful women.
This caused enormous divergencies between the anthropological
picture
of men and woman, like, for instance, in his investigations
in Lithuania.
.rOZEF GAJEK
A STUDY
ON THE
ETHNOGRAPHIC
DIVISION
INTO REGIONS.
OF POLAND
Conclusion
The present
cartograms
leads
attempt
to sum
to the following
up the existing
conclusions:
Polish
ethnographic
1. Poland is distinctly
differentiated
from the point of view of folk
inventory composition into a number of spatial units, their boundaries
being more or less analogous to the:
a) various ranges of Polish dialects elaborated
by K. Nitsch;
b) administrative
and political frontiers of various periods (since the
13th century till 1918);
c) areas of various
tribes and kindreds
(compare
Sto Arnold and
J. Natanson - Leski);
d) sketch cartogram
by J. St. Bystroń in his Introduction
to Polish
Ethnography
(2 nd edition);
e) ranges of archeological
cultures in Poland (the archeological
ranges
and their confines
have been worked
out by J. Czekanowski,
Ethnographical
delimitation
of Poland in the light of history, 40th
report of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Lettres (1935), no 3,
page 64; K. Moszyński,
Causes of folk culture
differentiation,
Lud IV, page 88 B, fig. 3. A. Nasz in relation to Silesia: op. cit.
page 397, map 8);
f) as well as in accordance
with the late colonization
processes
(North Prussian
Masuria, Kurpie) thus analogous to the route or
the primitive mountain and backwoods deserts.
2. The above mentioned
spatial units are of two kinds; one of them
are the result of exterrior
foreign influences and divide Poland into
zones, belts and smaller areas; their characteristic
feature is a certain
spacial overflow beca use the diffusion of some particular
clements for
centuries penetrated
into the ethnical territory of Poland and enfolded
it in a various degree.
3. The second type of the spatial units is limited; here belong cultural
regions, connected with a geographical
environment
which was, true
enough,
changeable
but definite,
cultural
regions
connected
with
a multisecular
historical tradition. Those units, which have been called
in the present
paper regions or cultural
fact complexes,
arc just
analogous to the ranges of dialects, tribe and kindred territories
and
more recent administrative
and political frontiers, such as the Prussian
annexed territory, or the Province of Podlasie, the latter being an area
belonging to the ancient Jadzwingi
tribe with a layer of Masovian
colonization.
4. The zonal differentiation
of Poland because of a difffusion of spatial
influences is compsed of:
a) ranges of western influences parting Poland along the axis passing
from north - east to south - east.
Three belts can be singled out
in that connection
(sec map) the western
one (Silesia, Great
Poland, Pomerania,
Varmia, Western Little Poland and Masovia),
the middle one: (see map) Masovia, Poland, former East Prussia),
the eastern
belt the least influenced
by the west- (part of the
Lublin Voivodeships,
Rzeszów and Kielce VOivodeships);
b) the second bundle of ranges lies on the north - eastern borderline
with a relic inventory
preserved
by the backwoods
environment
but having also elements connecting that area with White Russia
Lithuania,
Latvia and even with Estonia and Finland;
,
c) the third borderline is composed of northern ranges of mountaineer
culture
elements,
with an important
contribution
of Wallachian,
Roumanian,
Hungarian,
Ukrainian
and perhaps even more ancient
Thracian elements carried westward
by the Carpathian
shepherds,
d) the fourth ethnographic
boundary of foreign influences is the range
confluence of phenomena typical for Bohemia, Southern and Centrai
Germany
and Lusatia, the northern
and eastern
confines of the
mentioned
ethnographic
boundary
being in Silesia;
e) a special problem is the area of Western Territories
which returned to the Polish State after World War II. (Pomerania,
the
Lubuska
Province,
East Prussia
and Lower Silesia) where
the
material culture left by the German population
and found by the
settling population has also a boundary character;
this phenomenon
is located within the limits of the spatial zones in map No. I;
f) the southern zone is probably also the results of ancient influences
which were coming from the south; above zone comes to light
within the ranges of foot mortars
and perhaps
distaff bodkins
ought also to be ranked among; yet it request, some additional
typologic and ethnographic
investigation.
S. Beside those spatial units the bdore
mentioned ethnographic
regions
come forward
fairly distinctly
the region of Little Poland and
Silesia (both have analogies in the Ukraine, Great Poland, Province
of Sieradz,
West
Pomerania,
with
the
East-Pomeranian
Baltic
substratum
and with the Masovian
Region).
The spatial conditions
between the regions are illustrated
by the maps from 3 do 8; they
t.hrow also light upon their mutual dependency
and relation.s.
6. In the Liitle Poland Region is worth mentioning
the western
part
of the Rzeszów and Kielce territories
as weD as the southern
part
of the Lublin Voivodeship,
thus to the north of the Highland
Lask boundary; that area free of western and north-eastern
influences
lies south - west from the north - eastern boundary and is a territory
which was in the past in the least degree subject to diffusion and
migration processes. On the after hand, we find here Ukrainian
and
Liltle Poland's cultural equations.
i. In a number
of maps appear analogies
between the north-western
zone (Pomerania,
Kashubia)
and Little Poland, especially
its eastern
part. Similar equation can be perceived between the Podlasic Provinc0
I
'>
and the Beskid Mts (especially the Zywiec Chain).
It leads to the
presumption
that the Masovia Province
such as we know it today
has a character of a delimiting area, thus of an area which is younger
in the cultural
sence.
8. Finally it ought to be emphasized
that the watersheds
of the Bzura,
Ner and Pilica Warta Rivers, thus the areas of the Sieradz and
Łęczyca Districts
were the gateway
for the influence
of numerous
phenomena coming from the west which is registered
in the maps by
means of a wedge tearing the ranges of the old phenomena
existing
in the Sieradz
and Kalisz Districts
as well as in the Kielce and
Radomsko Territories.
Above wedge turns more or less from the line
Matów - Kunelów to the east, in the direction of Sandomierz
and
Zawichost, crosses the Vistula River and runs into the Rzeszów and
Zamość areas.
The results of the said influence on those territories
is a vanishing
of old forms of cultural
phenomena.
Map. 1. Intensity
of western influence.
2. Crossing of the zone of western influence with the north-eastern
boundary.
3. Main boundary
zones and territories
of cultural
complexes.
4. Silesian
cultural
complex.
.J. Territory
of ranges belonging
to the cultural
complex
Great
Poland - Kujawy.
6. Spatial range of the Sieradz cultural
complex.
7. Spatial
range of the Masovia cultural
complex.
8. Ranges of cultural
complexes
Little Ponad Pomerania.
KRYSTYN A HOFMAN -LI ANDZIS
SOME THADITIONAL
CEREAL CULTURES IN THE POLISH VILLAGE
IN THE LAST DECADE OF THE 19th AND AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE 20th CENTURY.
Summary
The present
article
deals with the cultivation
of some relic and
archaic cereals which survived in. the peasant rural economy until very
,<'cenUy; it is based on ethnographic
field investigations
from the whole
tcrritory
of Poland. With that material
the author's
aim was to make
a cartographical-comparative
analysis
and to draw conclusions
on the
dynamics of the Polish folk culture in the domain of some traditional
cereal cultivation.
Out of various relics the article emphasizes
in th.:first place the mixing of wheat and rye (map No I) and the sowing of
some old sorts of rye, among others a kind of rye called krziea (map
No 2). In this connection the author gives an explanation
of the various
O.) t
meaning of the expression
"krzyć się" (map No 3) and a survey of old
traditional
sorts of rye cultivation
(map No 4), shows the range of old
traditions
regarding
spring rye cultivation
(map No 5), as well as the
range of spring and winter wheat (map No 6).
On base of results obtained
a centre of most traditional
elements,
connected with cereal cultivation
has been marked out (map No 7). As
an attempt
of a cartographic
interpretation
in tracing limitrophe
zones
of cultures not on base of their ranges but on base of their transition
forms (map No 8) a three-zonal
belt has been drawn showing the range
of elements
connected
with the traditional
cultivation
of cereals but
having
a transitional
character.
A relative
chronology
showing
the
vanishing
of cereal traditional
elements
cultivation
on base of their
limitrophe
range analysis is given in map No 9.
.JERZY GROCHOLSKI
lVIETHODS OF DRYING CORN IN POLISH PEASANT
IN THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES
FARMS
Summary
The present work is an attempt to analyse, in frames of a systematic
differentiation,
the various methods
of drying corn in Polish peasant
farms in the 19th and 20th centuries
taking into consideration
changes
in time and space connected with the disappearing
or spreading
of the
basic forms. Till recently it was impossible to carry out detailed investigations because the materialon
that problem had a very fragmentary
character.
It was not until the results of territorial
research
work in
338 places of the Polish Ethnographic
Atlas staedy network were elaborated in a carthographic
series (according to uniform questionnaires)
that
the author was able to make a cartographically
- comparative
analysis
of the data from the whole territory
of Poland. In order to examine
the collected materials
in a wider scale he made use (for illustration
purposes) also of some publications
by foreign authors dealing with that
problem in other European countries (Austria, Germany, Czecho-Slovakia,
Italy, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraina,
\Vhite Ruthenia).
The formal and comparative
analysis of the carthographic
materials
worked out leads to the following conclusions:
I. The various methods of drying corn in Polish
be divided into two main cathegories:
a) drying of mown corn ("na garściach"):
b) drying of sheaves.
peasant
farms
can
b) Function
The latter cathegory
covers three systematic
groups: I Drying of
single sheaves. II Drying of shocks. III Drying by means of different
wooden devices.
Above groups can also be split into subgroups, types and varieties
according to the way of stacking sheaves (e. g. horizontal, vertical stacking)
:'lnd to their quantity. The oldest traditions
which survived in Poland
mention the following basic methods of drying corn:
a)
b)
c)
d)
drying of mo\vn corn.
drying of single sheaves stacked horizontally or vertically.
drying of shocks horizontally crossed or horizontally parallel.
drying of vertically
circular shocks or shocks set vertically
drills (see tables III and IV) and
e) drying by means of various wooden devices (see table V).
in
At the end of the 19 th century the most extended form of drying
corn in the southern, eastern and central provinces of Poland was the
procedure to dry mown corn or set in horizontal shocks and above all
in horizontally crossed; less often was the corn dried in single sheaves.
Vertical shocks were found mainly in north-western
regions, and less
often in the Carpathian foothills, in the Lublin Region and in the Podlasie
Province.
The range where corn was dried by means of various wooden
devices embraced exclusively mountainous
areas.
During the period between the two World Wars and after the Second
War the custom of drying mown corn (especially winter crops), in horizontal shocks and in single sheaves has been given up (see maps No I
and 3); on the other hand, vertical shocks and especially vertically circular
shocks expanded on a mass scale (see maps 5, 6 and 7).
Above expansion of vertically circular shocks and those set vertically
in drills which began at the end of the 19 th century is connected with
the introduction
of the scythe as the basic tool for mowing (instead of
the traditional
sickle), which accelerated the removing of the crops; the
setting in vertical shocks, requesting
less work and securing a quick
drying proved to be more practical than the previous method of setting
the corn horizontally.
The drying of corn by means of various wooden
devices - now, as before, is met with in the highlands as a particularly
typical example of a form conditioned be geographic and climatic factors
(see map No 9). 3. Corn shocks differ both as for their setting and
function. In that respect the followi:1Z differentiation
of basic shock forms
is noteworthy:
a) The function of vertical shocks is the drying of corn bound in
sheaves, as a rule immediately after having been mo\vn: in vertically circular shocks chiefly winter crops, in shocks set vertically
in drills mainly spring crops.
of horizontal
shocks:
to complete the drying of crops which were exposed for drying in
mown patches and to store in the field crops temporary protected
against rain; horizontally
crossed shocks concern mainly winter
crops, horizontally parallel shocks are arranged mainly for spring
crops (the above is basically a preparation of the crops to be taken
to the barn).
4. The horizontal shocks, being a form connected (as to the manner
of setting the sheaves together and as to their function) with the ricks
or stacks, derive probably from the ancient tradition to keep the crops
in the open air or under a covering; that circumstance may prove that in
the zone of the form discussed, barns appeared comparatively lately.
It is
of interest to note, that shocks of this type survived for the longest time
in South - Eastern
Poland where, according to statistical
data prevail
barns of the smalest cubic capacity on a country scale.
S. Undoubtedly
many a fact suggests that the shocks appeared
in
Poland as a form borowed from Germany
(ancient expansion
ranges,
mainly in south - eastern provinces, some loan - words).
Yet numerouus
Polish names within the limits of expansion ranges, stated according to
oldest traditions kept (e. g. "kopka" vel "kupka", "postawka" vel "słonik",
"kuczka" vel "kucka", "rząd"', "kozioł",,,baba"),
are arguments in favour
of a national provenance of both the vertically - circular shocks and the
shocks set vertically in drills - irrespective
of analogie forms brought
by the German immigrants.
On the other hand, sporadically
the forms
found in Poland of late (20 th century), i. e. shocks set vertically
in
three - and in four - drills are probably of German origin (the threedrills shocks being a Brandenburg
Lużyce variety
and the fourdrills shock a Lower - Silesian one).
6. Among numerous names of crop shocks (see maps No. 4 and 8)
two groups of names are of special interest:
a) names connected with the form of the shocks (e. g. "Krzyż"
Poland, "kriz" Slovakia, Slovenia,
"kreuz", "kreuzhaufe"
Austria, Germany, "crocette" - Italy).
b) names connected with the quantity of sheaves in the crop shocks.
The dialectic terms belonging to the second group like, for instance,
"dziesiątka"
(10 sheaves),
"mendel"
(15 sheaves)
and "półkopek"
(30
sheaves) are relics of the ancient means of counting the crops on the
basic of the sheaf quantity; those were counted by a sixfold - decimal
system (one kopa sixty sheaves equalling four mendeIs or two half _
kopas - "połkopki").
Especially the counting in mendeIs and półkopki
is a classical example of this sixfold-decimal
system.
G55
7. The basical methods of drying crops stated in Poland (horizontal
shocks, vertical shocks, crops dried by dint of various wooden devices)
are also spread in many other European countries, the expansion ranges
of the different ranges being subject to geographic and climatic conditions.
It is presumed the above forms same into being in Slav, Roman
and German countries quite independently
under the influence of similar
geographic
and climatic conditions.
This might be an explanation
of
the numerous analogies of so spacious a territory
and so differentiated
from the ethnical point of view as the territory of Europe.
As to cultural
peculiarities,
those are seen in the specific forms of the varieties, the
expansion zone of which points to the genetic link with territories
of
some groups or ethnic formations.
JANUSZ
BARNS,
BOHI'A~OWICZ
CALLED SPICHRZE - COMPARED TO OTHER GRANARIES
IN PEASANT FARMS IN POLAND AT THE TURNING
POINT OF THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES.
Summary
The article under the above title is as a matter of fact the first
attempt in the Polish literature
to make a classification
of peasant barns
based on the principle of a morphologic functional,
temporal and spatial
differentiation.
The problem of barns has been discussed in comparison with other
farm premises serving the same purpose. The examination
of the process
how the barns disapeared and of the development
dynamics of the new
premises for the threshed
corn enabled to explain the reason of the
regression of the barns on the territory
of Poland.
The material basis of the present article were territorial investigations
connected with the P.A.E. (Polish Ethnographic
Atlas), dealing with the
problem of barns, and performed
in 1955. Besides the results of atlas
investigations,
the author made use of the unpublished
materials,
from
ethnographic
archives, philologic and architectonic
institutes;
as to the
literature and results, he quoted them from questionnaires.
When working
at the problem he used the cartographic
and comparative
method.
The
spatial range of the barns was examined on base of their quantitative
differentiation.
The typologie classification
was performed
on base of
systematics by pointing out characteristic
sets of features for the territory
investigated.
When analysing the material of 1860--1960 and basing on literature
and sources before that period one can state that the barns on the territory
of Poland are in full regress. Map No I shows the process of barn disappearance during the last century.
The areas drawn under I mean the
territory \vhere the barns appear in all places, under 2 - territory where
the barns are met with sporadically, under 3 - territories with no barns
but with a live tradition of them, under 4 - territories
with no barns
and no tradition kept but the literature,
mostly historical, gives evidence
that such premises did exist before the period invc3tigated in this article.
The reasons of the disappearance
of barns on the territory of Poland
are most certainly the spreading of new, mare economic premises for
keeping the ~orn, such as (in a chronologic succession): pantries
(map
No 13), pantnes near farm premises (maps No. 15 and No. 16) and garrets
in ~remises and livin~ houses (No. 14). Investigations
of particular objects,
basmg on the analysIs of the whole material, have shown that the barns
fou~d .on the territory of Poland could be divided into several types and
vanetles.
In order to make a typologic differentation
the author based on
a morphologic principle.
Among features which ought to be taken into
consideration,
the following should be quoted first of all: construction
of
walls (map No.3), forms of the roof (map No.4),
kinds of foundation
(map No.5), planning (map No.6)
and size.
When confronting the results of the maps from No. 3 to No.6, one
c~n state tha~ the spatial ranges marked on them point to some regularltles and thiS leads to the eHmination of definite types and varieties
of barns, su~~ing,
so to say, features of the same spatial spreading.
In
order to faclhtate
the problem, those types are given names. according
to their territorial
localization.
1. Type of the Silesian - Spisz Region (map No.8).
The characteristic features of that type are: planning in a shape of a rectangle or
a square, th.e dimentions
being from 3 X 3 to 4 X 5 m; the framework
of the wall IS pasted all over with clay; the foundation laid directly on
earth, on ground\vork Or on corner stones; domeshaped arched framework
for~ing the ceiling of the barn; the building is storeyed, with a lad de;
fnslde and a two or four - shed roof, comparatively
flat, lightly coveringthe framework,
structurally
not connected
with the latter'
from the
genetic point of view the author ranks that type with the rou~d, South European and Slovakian barns.
The range of that type on the territory
of Poland is one of the arguments in favour of the above hypothesis.
IT. The so called Lubelsko Mazowiecki type (map No.8).
The
~haracteristic
features are: planning in a shape of a square with sides'
I~ the limits of 2,5 X 2,5 to 4 X 4 m; timbered
walls; the foundation laid
directly on the earth or on corner stones; one - storeyed construction;
roof of a pyramidal
shape or a four - eaves one, often hanging deeply
down., thatched. The author links genetically above type through South European
barns
called
"ambary"
with
the
Old Slav box - shaped
6!J(i
granaries
and presumes that type to be the oldest met in Poland.
The
range of that type, embracing areas with the most conservative
buildings,
as well as some results
of archaelogic
investigations,
are the main
arguments
supporting
the hypothesis
of that kind of barns.
III. The Northern
East - European type.
This type splits into two
subtypes: barns with a narrow front wall (map NO.9) and with a wide
front wall (map No. 10). The common features
of the subtypes
are:
planning in a shape of an rectangle, their dimension being 2·'~ 3 mm 4 X 5 m., timbered
walls, foundation
on piles or on corner stones, one
storeyed construction,
roof with two eaves, not hanging down; if the roof
is hanging down, it is sometimes supportec
by pillars.
The features by
which the subtypes differ are: the etrance and the recess are in the
wide front wall or in the narrow wall, the interrior
is planned in line
with these features.
The author thinks that the north-western
European
type dates probably from the XIIth, XIIth century in the Slav regions
where granaries,
called klecie and żytnice are met together with logbarns playing the role of dwelling premises and store - rooms for keeping
garments.
IV. In addition to above mentioned
we sporadically
find in
Poland barns which are morphologically
connected with the Scandinavian
and German granaries
(photos No. 20, 21, 22) are new stone barns which
are basically a further continuation
of the ancient wooden form.
The names of the barns show some connections
with their morphology. Six of them, belonging to different
roots of the language because
of their wide spreading and frequent use, have been described in a more
detailed
way in the present work, viz. "spichrz"
and forms connected,
"swiren" and forms connected, "sypaniec" and words connected, "sułek" "sołek", "lamus" and "komora".
The summing of the results, shown on the map which points the
range of the barn with the results of maps showing the range of the
other means for keeping the corn (maps 13-16), the data from literature
and the genetical
investigations
all that gives the possibility
to reconstruct in a dynamic form the process of coming into being. development
and causes of the gradual disappearance
of the barn on the territory
of
Poland.
It is most certain that the choronologic stages of above process
were as follows:
The most primitive forms of premises for keeping corn, according to
archaeIogy and history of Western Slav territories
were h:)les for the corn,
bins and receptacles
of conic form, called spichrze koszowe.
The geographic ranges of above mentioned
old forms for keeping corn were
mainly conditioned by the geologic and geographic structure
of the area.
The function
of those primitive
"barns"
(spichrze) was exclusively
to
keep the corn.
During the period of early feudalism in the Xth-XIIth
century, due
to changes of the farming forms, the small and unpractical
receptacles
like the before mentioned
holes and conic granaries
proved to be not
spacious enough to keep the whole harvest.
It was, therefore
necessarv
to look for new constructions
which could be a dry and 'convenien"t
depository for storing corn during winter.
The role of such depositories
begin to play small house - like barns (genetically connected with the
box - shaped granaries)
on two or four pillars.
That old form of the
Slav barn called, "żytnica", "sąsiek" (the construction
of which was rather
similar to the "ambar"
log - granary)
developed later into a type of
corn reseptade
whose range still covers the southern and the central eastern part of Slav territories
(the Lublin Region in Poland) and in the
10th-14th
centuries
embraced
probably
the whole
Slav area.
The
function of those house - like small barns called "kleć" and perhaps also
"sołek" was exclusively
to keep corn.
In the 12th-14th centuries due to western and north-western
influences
two kinds of premises
for keeping corn prevailed
in Poland:
log buildings having beside the function
of keeping corn another
fonction,
i. e. to serve as a sleeping room and a store - room for keeping dresses;
in a later period the second kind of premises appears, viz, a cell attached
to the house.
The log - barn, serving
for the three functions
mentioned
above
developed, most probably, from the Slav granary
under the influence of
North - German receptacles
serving for living purposes and for storing
garments.
By such an interpretation
of its genesis that process must have taken
place in the limitrophe
zone of North-German
and Slav territories
if we
take for granted that it happened through the German mediation in the
zone of the eastern German- Slav frontier.
The names "spichrz", "lamus"
which are of German origin, suggest that the second hypothesis is more
probable.
Owing to the expansion of the barn with a triple function the
old granaries
vanished
from the territories
where
the afore,
said
German influence was most strong (Pomerania, GrE~ater Poland) and from
areas where petty gentry manors prevailed.
Yet, the new form of the
barn did not cause the total disappearrance
of the old objects.
The
new gran'lries were adopted only by big land property (petty gentry, free
farmers), whereas minor peasantry
still used the old means of keeping
corn.
The type of triple function barn did not find an application
in the
northern
part of the Province of Małopolska
because of the economic
~tructure of that region.
Yet, under the influence of that building the
42 -
.. Lud".
t. XLVII
658
old forms of receptacles,
the so called "klecie" (similar to the "ambar"
granary) changed into a transitory
type containing
both old end new
features.
The area specificity of the Silesian Region was the reason why the
new barn did not find application
in such forms as in the remaining
territory of Poland.
Its log- construction after having met the old Silesian
or Slovak type of barn (wattled and pasted all over with clay) changed
into- specially strong log - type dome - shaped barn which became a kind
of fortification
work.
The economic development of the Polish village during the 14th-15V•
centuries caused that the barns of the old type proved to be too small
(just like the previous holes and bins) to meet the requiremens.
In big
farms the question of storing corn had been completely settled by means
of building bigger barns with triple functions to serve as granary, living
room and storage for garments.
As to small farms that role has been
plaid by the pantry, - a new store - room spreading
in Poland under
the German influence.
The application
of that sort of receptacle in the peasant household
had a double action upon the barns existing in Poland:
1. It led almost on the whole territory of the country (except in the
northern part of the Lublin Region and in Silesia) to a gradual vanishing
of the corn receptacles of the "kleć" type, which were up to that time in
general use.
2. It gradually
limited the role of the tree - function recepcles in
big farms.
The before mentioned cell by the house became both a living
and a cloak-room although it did not quite eliminate the existing barn.
In the XV-XVIII
centuries
beside those cells in the complex of
living premises
new corn receptacles
appear
in Central
and Eastern
Poland; they were either annexes to the farm buildings or made a unit
with the house or with the granary called "spichlerz" or "komora".
The cause of their application
was the impoverishment
of big farms
which had previously a barn; another reason explaining their origin was
the tendency to adjust the cell annexed to the house for living purposes.
Premises of that type didn't find a wide use.
Neither did they have
influence upon the elimination
of the basic forms of that period, the
aforenamed
"spichrze"
and "komory".
The two kinds of storages for
threshed crops, the "spichrze" and "komory" are met with almost on the
whole territory
of Poland up to the end of the 17th century, i. e. to
the moment when under the influence of stone constructions
and of the
new forms of granaries garrets in houses, first the "spichrz" and later the
"komora" gradually
vanish, beginning from north and west.
TOMASZ
BARNS
SKARZYNSKI
CALLED STODOŁY IN THE POLISH FOLK
IN THE 19th AND 20th CENTURIES
An ethnographic
analysis
BUILDING
of some of its features.
Summary
The aim of this work is to present in a cartographic
form some problems connected with the shape, function, construction
and dialectic nomenclature
of the building serving in the peasant rural economy for the
storage of non - threshed corn, straw and hay.
The material
base for
the work were field investigations
carried out in 1954 - 60 for the Polish
Ethnographic
Atlas in 336 villages of the permanent
network.
In some
cases the cartograms
were enriched with material taken from literature,
scientific archives and questionnaires.
On base of archaeologic excavations (e. g. the City of Gniezno) we can
state that probably as early as at the beginning of the lVIiddie Ages lhe
Polish population used some special buildings for the storage of the crops.
Yet, the genesis of the barn on the territory of Poland has not been quite
elucidated up to now. In literature prevails the view that above building
is of German origin because of its name ("Stadel" - Polish stodoła).
The differentiation
on the basis of the barn localization
within the
limits of a peasant farm can cast some light upon the origin of that
premise (map No.2).
In the south of the country we meet only clay
threshing
floors contiguous to the living house or to some other farm
buildings; they may as well separate the living house from other farm
buildings. Those threshing floors have been probably one of the most primitive forms of the barn.
One can presume that the so called sąsieki-corn-bins
have been completed
later.
At the present time we find on the territory of the whole country
detached barns with threshing floors and corn - bins.
Map No. 2 shows the range of the polygonal barns on the territories
of Poland and Czecho-Slovakia
being one of the most primitive forms of
detached barns which were perhaps the continuation
of round huts in
a horizontal plan.
The function of the barn wasn't everywhere the same. As it is shown
on map No.3, in the eastern part of Poland that building serves not only
for threshing of the corn On its threshing floor and as a storehouse for
Straw and hay but often plays additionally
the role of a granary.
On the basis of an analysis of map No. 4 we can state that there
is a tendency in the northern regiones to construct country buildings with
()GO
661
a narrow front wall. The ranges of barns and living houses built in that
way are the proof of it.
There is a hypothesis
in the ethnographic
literature
that the barn
originates from the living house. That opinion is supported by the fact of
meeting in Poland ceilings or constructions
made of perches protecting the
threshing - floors or the corn - bins (central and nart - western
regions.
See map No.5).
Maps No. 6 and 7 are devoted to the dialectic nomenclature
connected
with the barn.
It is of interest
to consider the range of the name
"zapole" (meaning corn-bin), which probably occupied previously a much
larger territory and now has been interpenetrated
by the range of a more
recent and very expanded name of sąsiek (also meaning corn-bin).
SL;ch
names as "sąsiek", "zapole", "strona" may prove that the threshing floor
existed first and the corn-bins
have been adjoined later.
The last group of maps (Nos 8, 9, 10, ll) illustrate
various constructions
of walls and roof models of barns on the territory
of Poland.
It results from those maps that the barns with a framework
construction
with planking is the most popular model found everywhere
in Poland.
Reside that form we meet in the western regions stoned constructions
and barns with wooden walls plastered with clay; in the central provinces
clay constructions
and wooden constructions
with cross-beams
between
the carner pillars; in the south-eastern
part of the country log, wooden
constructions
with cross beams, wattled and built of a combination
of
planks and stone pillars.
The universal form of the roof in the whole
country is the two - slope roof, whereas the four-slope roof has a territorial range almost similar to the log - construction
of the walls (south _
east).
In sum, when speaking of barns, there is a tendency like in the
Jiving - houses to lower the height of the roof and to rise the height
of the walls, the proof being the spreading of the new fashion, i. e. high
barns with a low, two - slope roof.
KAZIMIERZ
PUDŁO
)\;'EAT CATTLE AS DRAUGHT - ANIlVIALS IN PEASANT
IN POLAND IN THE 19th CENTURY AND IN THE FIRST
THE 20th CENTURY
FARMS
PART OF'
Summary
The author of the present work deals with the problem of draught-power in the peasant rural economy within the period of about 100 years
(l860-19~4).
His conceptions
are mainly based on an ethnographic
ma-
terial collected by means of field investigations
carried out in 1953-1954
and concerning
agriculture
and breeding.
Above material
comes from
136 investigation
posts of the Polish Ethnographical
Atlas steady network
and was gathered by dint of a uniform questionnaire.
The principal
draught - animals of the contemporary
peasant
farms
are horses which spread in the Polish villages not long ago, i. e. in the
19th and in the first part of the 20th centuries.
Up to that time the
traditional
draught-power
in Poland was neat cattle, mainly oxen.
Cow~
were used as draught - animals
in Poland
exclusivly
in unfavorable
rural situations, thus in time of war and natural calamity, the exception
being Upper Silesia and a part of Greater Poland where the application
of cows for agricultural
work was a result
of peasant
economical
calculation.
The process of replacing oxen in agricultural
work was a slow one
and its course in Poland was not the same everywhere
(maps l, 3); above
process is not quite finished yet. The main reason of its uneven ~un was
the economic structure
of the Polish territories,
this in turn bemg due
to the economic policy of the usurping
states (the enfranchisement
of
peasant in Polish territories
under German rule was ended in 1865, in the
Austrian annexed sector in 1857 and in the Russian zone in 1880). The
liquidation of the feudal system in the country has considerably accelerated
the decline of the former custom to use cattle for agricultural
work.
The
possibility
of selling with much profit rural and animal products
d~e
to the deveploment of the interior market and capitalistic industry, contnbuted to an intensification
of peasant farming.
Thus, oxen which were
cheap to keep but slow, were changed for horses, more efficient in work.
Yet the horses did but gradually
take over all the previous
rural
functions of the oxen.
At first, they were almost exclusively
used for
communication
with places outside the village (map No.5). For 'that purpose
cattle was also universally
used in Poland, up to the second part of the
19th century as well as during World War I when peasant horses replaced
the shortage in armies marching through the territory
of Poland (map 2
point 2, map 4 point 2). In unfavourable
economical
conditions
(war,
natural calamity) chiefly cows were used for field work.
Yet the most
frequent custom was to harness for agricultural
work a horse with a c.ow
or a horse with an ox (maps l and 4, point 4). The necessity of harnessmg
a couple of animals for rural work was conditioned by the. fact that .up
to the first part of the 20th century the traditional
ploughmg tools, 11ke
the wooden ploughs and hoes were very heavy.
For field work with traditional
ploughing tools neat cattle was us~d
bv preference.
It came from the ]vloldavian steppes or from Ruthema,
a~cording to folk traditions
kept (map No.6),
and was of grey colour;
lowland and highland Polish red coated cattle was also used.
662
663
Oxen as draught
animals
(they were also reared
for fattening)
survived for long in manors and in big and small peasant farms (the
author does not take into account landless labourers
for whom a horse
\vas often the basis of existance).
Big farms, the same as manors, had
enough pastures to keep oxen for rural work, milky cows and horses for
the needs of a quick communication.
As to small farms in view of smal!
qUClntity ('lf crops available, the keeping of Gl.horse was quite impossible.
Such farmers sold even oxen in winter time because forage was short.
The period between the lwa wars ought to be considered as a phase
when breading uf ncat cattle for draught function has been almost entirely
given up.
After World War II the relic custom of using cattle for
agricultural
work has been stated only in mountainous regions of Souther"
?oland where difficult geographic
conditions hove eliminated
the agricultural exploitation
of the horse (maps l and 3).
The mechanization
and intensification
of agriculture
in Poland during
the latest years is leading to a final liquidation
of the afore mentioned
traditional methods of land cultivation.
The mechanical power being most
efficient supplants the dnwght-power
of the anima Is.
KRZYSZTOF
KWASNIEWSKI
ELEMENTS OF A PEASANT FARM CONNECTED WITH BREEDING
IN POLAND AT THE END OF THE 19th AND IN THE 20th CENTURIES
(AN ETHNOGRAPHICAL
ESSAY)
Summary
The main aim of the present article is an attempt to make a regional
analysis of Poland on the basis of certain data about traditional
folk
customs connected
with breeding.
For this purpose the author
used
cartographical
statistical
data from field ethnographical
investigations
c8rried out in the whole country; he has summed their results taking into
account the specific features of the surroundings,
as far as climate, forage
supplies and intensity
of breeding were concerned.
The article quotes traditions
about leaving the animals alone in the
open air (map 1) and other traditions
of keeping them in the open but
in special enclosures
(map 2, B); emphasis
has been laid on some
interesting traditional
forms of building the farm in a shape of a closed
quadrangle with animals formaly kept inside (map 2, point 1, 2, 3). Relic
forms of keeping cattle and pigs in the living room of the hut (map 3), in the
entrance - passage (map 4), as well as relics concerning
the keeping of
poultr:; in the hut (map 5), have been described next.
All above ethno-
graphic phenomena
have been presented
both in form of maps and in
form of statistical
tables with due regards for correlation
existing in
between those cultural
facts.
A fairly minute attention
has been gi'v'en to the form of special
premises for animals under the same roof in the living house (map 6)
and of its varieties also shown on the map (see drawings of the legend).
Those varieties both from the point of view of their formal features
and from the point of view of their expansion range are, probably, further
links of the evolution.
Cultural parallels between Southern and Northern
Poland are also of great interest.
As the form of premises for animals
under the same roof with the living house is often found in German
folk building, the author gave on map 7 forms which are met with
in Poland and which are most close to the German forms (see plans).
The expansion ranges of those forms don't show any convergency with
the ranges of forms most frequently
found in Poland.
Besides, almost
in the whole country special buildings for animals were known long ago,
and in Central Poland they are met with almost exclusively.
Those
facts are another argument in favour of the hypothesis that the Polish
rural architecture
stands quite apart in spite of contrary opinions existing
in the German ethnography.
The comparison of territories where the most important dialectic terms
for cattle- horse-, pig - and poultry - premises are used exclusively, enabled
the author to define a central zone which proved to be rather similar
to the expansion range of the so called central dialect (map 8).
The results
obtained
suggest
the conception
of a double-track
evolution of the premises for animals in the Polish peasant farms.
In poor
farms the most ancient form was probably to keep animals free, out of
doors and fences or in the living house, if necessary.
As to rich farms animals were probably kept there originally
in special enclosures, and
before all, in the yards of farms built in closed quadrangles.
Certain particularities
shows the traditional
shepherd culture of the
Carpathian
Mts where we can still find the form of keeping sheep in
enclosures; on the other hand, the primitive form (and its varieties) of
premises for animals under the same roof with the living house' is not
found there.
The likeness of certain features described above was the
basis for the isolation of several zones in Poland presenting sets (uneven
as to their intensity)
of traditional
folk culture facts connected with
breeding of animals (map 9).
KO c,~Y'laHHO
.5łH
BOTIPOCY
O);
113Y4EHl1l1
OTlllEJlhHJ14ECKJ1X
OCTPOBOB
neJlare
Ha OCHOBaHliH c06CTBeHHblX
KapOJlHHCKI1X
OTKpbITblX
Bo
B
6bJT
lKHTeJleH
r.
r.
OTWeJlbHIi'leCKHX
HIi'leCKHX OCTpOBOB, nocJle '1ero npl1cTynaeT
Ha APXH-
06hl'laH
OCTpOBOB-
OKOTOpOM
xapaKTepHcTHKy
K onHcaHlilO
TO'lKI1 3peHH5I, npH'IHCJl5l51 I1X K MeJlaHe3HHCKOH pace.
<jJayHbl
11 <jJJlOpbl OTWeJlb-
lKl1TeJleH C aHTpOnOJlOrH'IeCKOH
B 06weM
CTpOeHlJH TeJla lKliTeJlI1
OTWeJlbHH'IeCKI1X OCTpOBOB OCTaIOTC5InaJleKO n03aLU1 nOJlHHe3HHueB He TOJlbKO C TO'lKI1
3peHH5I pa3BHTH5I CO'lJleHeHI1H, HO 11 06WHX
nonp06Horo
K aHaJlli3Y
3Ta
xapaKTepHblX
'1aCTb Tpy.ua
<jJOpM ynoM5IHyThlX
BbI'IaHHYlD
06bl'laeB
11 paCCMaTpHBaeT
.5łHa Ky6apbl,
06HTaTeneH
ueHHOCTh. KpOMe
a TaKlKe lJpHBeneHHble
aBTOp neJlaeT
OTWeJlhHH'IeCKI1X
<jJopMy peJll1rl103HOH
lKH3HH 11 np06rreMbl
OH nOCB5IWaeT Bonpocy
K
HOKOB, T.
e.
0PYllHiI
JlO.uOK. KpOMe
TpYlla
Toro
11 BoopylKeHJoIiI,
rpaMMaTH'IeCKI1X
CHX nop
'1pe3-
0630P
opra-
nonp06HbIH
CTpOHTeJlbCTBO, opylKHe,
);OJlbWOe
nOCB5lIueHHiI,
TaKlKe
nOllp06HO
a
cnoc06
TaKlKe
BHHMaHHe
Ta6y,
yXOll
3a
OnHCaHJoIiI '1en-
OIIJoICbIBaeT TaKlKe
JoI3rOTOBKH OLleilHHH
ueHHhlM
Bax
CTpaHHJlC5I nOTOM
BKnaLlOM
Tl1xoro
LlO CJoIXnop
B YCBoeHlie
3THorpa<jJJoI'IeCKHH 0630P
np06neMbI
KynbTypbl
.5łHa Ky6apbl
nepB06blTHblX
ilBnileTC5I
06lUJoIH Ha OCTpO-
OKeaHa.
rAHCJ1HEU
TIOCTPJ1)l{EHJ1.5ł
CPE)lJ13EMHOMOPCK0I1
Pe3lOMe
Co
BpeMeHH
nblBalOwero
3aMe'laTeJlbHOH
TpYLla
MOHorpa<jJH H BH.lbKeHa
O nOCTpJoIlKeHI1JoI.OTCYTCTBJoIe 3TO
O lKepTBe
Te']
60.lee
BHnhKeH B Ka'leCTBe 3THorpa<jJa JoIMeJlB BHLlY npelKLlC Bccro nepB05blTHble
Bonoc
HeT I1C'Iep-
npJoIcKop6HO.
'ITO
HapOJlbl 11TOJlb-
ErHneT
TaK
C MaJlOH
HalbJBaeMblH
HeCMOTp51 Ha TO, 'ITO
KyJlbTypHblH
He Onl1H
KOMnneKC,
TOMe ApXeOJlOrHH.
BOJlOC rOJlOBbl
Ha'lHHaeTCiI
CO BpeMeH
H 60ponbl
OT Ha'laJla
uapCTBOBaHI1i1
BceH BepOilTHOCTH OT KOpOJleBCKOrO nBopa
MeHeca.
H pacnpoKOTophle
Ii
CJlOH nepeHilJlI1
3TOT 06bl'laH.
TaKHM 06pa30M
60ponbl.
Mepy
reHe311c
reponOTa
C06CTBOB3Jlli
Ha
)loKa3aTeJlhCTBOM
Toro,
'ITO
Ii
HaH60Jlee
3Toro
TO'lHhIM
nOCTplilKeHHiI
nJlyTapxa
coxpaHeHHlD
06pa30M
HaCTOilWl1e npH'IeCKlI
HaM HeH1BeCTeH: 06hl'lHO
npl1B01l5lT
OTHlDllb
He 51BJlililCb npH'IHHOH
MOJłHO
6hl
Tpe6HOCTl1 .u1'iCUHnnI1Hbl. BnpO'leM,
BeJllOpOH
KaK Hnp.
11 60ponoH.
MeHeM npl13HaKOM
pbl6aKI1
)lilii
B
naCTblpH,
HX cocnOBHiI,
oc06eHHO
6naronapHOCTH
3a
Bh13nOpOBneHlie
npl1rOBOpeHHblX
nOCTpHrail
HM non
Toro,
naBHeH
nOCJle
K npHHYLlliTenbHblM
no-
MO.uOH ~
H113-
npM'IeCKH,
C Te
nOCTpMlKeHMe CTaJlO CO BpeKaK non
BcnenCTBlie
onaCHOH
rJl3BHblM
Toro
H3BeCTHO 6hlno
naHHoro
60ne3HI1.
pa60TaM
BnH5IHl1eM co06palKe-
06eTa,
B <jJopMe
TIoBl1nHMOMY
B KaMeHonOMHilX
n03lKe
H KoniIX,
rOJlOBbl.
MecconoTaMHM
npl1TOM
Mhl
HaxonHM
B naHHOM
y
cny'lae
npyry
06bl~aH.
B
KOTOpylD
3ana.uHo-apa6cKHe
rC1J]OBY li
60poLlY,
cywecTByeT
a
LWiI
60POilbl.
06bl'lall
TaK Ii wyMepcKoe
onpeneJleHH5I
TeHneHUli51
lJileMeHa
ny6J1H'IHbIX
O'leHb
nOXOlKHe Ha
MOlKHO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb nOJlHylD
nepenaJlIi
uepe'lOHI1H
KOHCTaTlipOBaHO
oTKyna
npl1nHCblBaHH5I
6ynTo-6bl
TaKylD
CI1X nop
HeT enliHO-
BblBOnliJlC5I
no
3TOT HOBblH
wyMepaM
Erl1lJTY.
HaneBaJlIi
lKe
Hl0XPOHlilD:
nOCTpHlKeHHe HaxonilTCiI
B reHeTH'IeCKOH CB5I31i, onHaKO
'ITO KaCaeTC5I OKOH'IaTeJlhHOrO
06weM
lKHTeJleH lllYMepa
'ITO KaK erHneTCKoe
K npyr
'lbICJlli51
lICKyccTBeHHble
xpaMa
6pOBM 11Bce TeJlO, KpOMe
nOCTpHlKeHHe li nOCTplilKeHlie
KJleHMlinli
OTHoweHHlD
nocne
'ITO
xapaKTepa,
Bce06weH
npH.ueplKMEanHCb
lKpeUOB H cnYlKl1TeneH
npH-
nocTpHlKeHH5I.
nOJlaraTb,
BOHHCTBeHHoro
nOCTpHlKeHl1e He 6blno
HI1H O MneanhHOH '1I1CTOTe,CTaJlH 6pl1Th
TpaypHoe
cKopeH
'1yBCTB BOI1HCKOrO, nalKe
no
OHH .ueHCTBI1Te,1bHO cno-
06hl'lail,
npOilBJleHHe
6bIJlO
lJCKyccTBeHHble 60po.ubl,
npelKHHe
rHrHeHI1'1eCKHe co06palKeHHiI;
3Toro
nOCTpHlKeHHe
H3 <jJaKTa, 'ITO BO BpeM5I o<jJHUHaJlbHbIX BbIeTyn-
OCHOB3HI1H HCTOpH'IeCKHX aHaJlOrHH
1\..OTI1BOM6blno
no
KYJlbTYPE
HX
OnI1CaTeJlbHO-
COUl1aJlb-
erllneTCKHe,
B
KOTopail
I1X 11 pa-
cnoc06CTBYlDWlIe
310
OTneJlbHblH
'1epe3 npe.uCTaBHTeJleH rocynapcTBeHHOH
naBHO ylKe nonaraJlI1,
O);P.5ł)l
KyJlbTypbl,
nOJlHOe YCTpaHeHlie
no
OrpaHI1'1I1BaeTCiI
Ha'la,lO
npenCTaBJleHHH
TeppllTopHeH:
COCTaBnillDT
B CJlenylDweM
Bli1Jl
li
HaweM
anMHHHCTpaUHH,
B
PbIlllAP)l
rpe'leCKail
BOCTOKa,
3nOXH,
He
CKopee
B
6blJll1 BHa~aJle '1JleHaMI1 KOpOJleBCKOHceMhH; TOJlhKO OT 3THX '1I1HOBHKOB.upyrlie
B Erl1nTe
11 nl1ll1l1.
Heony6nl1KoBaHHbIH
3TOM
JleHHH KOpOJlh 11'1I1HOBHHKH Ha.ueBaJlI1 napHKH 11 npHKJleHBaJlH
nOBonbHO
Ky6aphI
pe~b
OH
reHell1C
H CJlOBapb
onHCblBaeT
npHHaD.JlelKaT
B
H
3TOT 06bl'laH
WBe Knaccbl,
KyJlbTypbI
clIcTeMaTlIKY.
Mbl BCTpe'laeM
np06eJl
BeKOB. TIo 3TOH npl1'1I1He aBTOp lI16paJl
3JlJlHHcKail
6yneT
HX
cHCTeMy
OCTpOBOB I1MeeT no
(06p5ln
06bilCHillDWlle
3THorpa<jJH~ecKoH
C
Tpyn.
peBOJllOUHOHHCH HOBOCTblO, cJlenyer
npHMepbl
COUHaJlhHOH KyJlbTypbl.
BOCnJoITaHHiI MOJlOnelKH
MaTepl1arrbHOH
arOMe3CKHX
pon:a
Ha'laJlo
He
HaCTOilWI1H
nepexo.uHT
n:.).
np06rreMaM
pa3Horo
OCTpOBax,
a
HaponHocTeH,
HO XO'leT TaKlKe BblilCHlITb
laMKHYToH
nepeHI1MaJlH
HMHTHpyil
OTlUeJlbHIi'leCKHX
Toro,
MlIp.
MHorllX
npeBHI1X
lHa'lI1TeJlbHbIH
aBTOp
npH3HaKoB,
'1HcnoBylD
n,~aH,
npOTOHCTOpH'IeCKOH
Hble
HX TeJla.
OCTpOBOB H CaMoa.
HH3aUHH lKH3HH Ha
npl1'1eCKOH 11 T.
pa3MepoB
OnI1CaHH5I aHTpOnOJlOrH'IeCKHX
lKl1TeJleH OTWerrbHH'IeCKIiX
B Te'leHl1e
ilBJlileTCiI
3TOT
nOnOJlHileT
Onl1CaHl1eM 06bl'laeB,
coxpaHeHHlD
B ErHIlTe
nonaeT
BpeMeHax
li
<jJyHKUHlD, MOTlIBbl,
1768 r.
BCTynJleHli11 .5łH Ky6aphl
aHanOrl1'1eCKI1X 06bl'lailX
CBOI1X BlrJlilnOB.
UI10Ha.~bHYlD
BOCTO'lHbIH
1871-1875
HCCJlenOBaHHH B
OCTpOBOB onllcan
);yreHBHJleM
TIocJle
O npeBHI1X
A ll1eH
Pe3lDMe
ABTOP
lHaHI1H
HCTOpH'IeCKHH
(Ha THXOM OKeaHe)
06
B nonTBeplKlleHl1e
conOCTaBJleHHeM
KY);APhl
K
ynoMilHy.l
TO,lbKO
napHKI1
KOHuenUHIO
I1HHUliaTliBhl,
lllYMepbl
6pHJlI1
H lJpHuenJl5lJlH
B
lI306palKeHlm
667
660
60rOB.
KaK
Kpo.\le
roro.
B ErHnTc
nOCTpH)KeHHC B WY\ICpc
H OC06CHHO ;KpeUbl
OHO B TpaiUlUHIO
KyccTBeHHblC
KoponeBCKoro
60PO:Jbl
ao
cywecTBoBaJlll
HaponHblC
n03ilHCC,
Bpe\llI
BO
WCBC!1fOpbl
CKopec
H BJlaCTCmlHbl
ncpCHnCKOH. 3nOXH.
Hapllay
Ila
TaKOH nonY_l~pHOCTbIO
)Toro
05bIYa~.
BaBHJlOHa
3aTO
6bWO TpaypHoe
CCMHTCKHX aCCHpIlHUCB,
BOWJlO
HOCH,lH napHKH
C 3TH:\! npl1,llBOpHbLM
OC06CHHO nony.lllpHO
uapCTBOBaHHlI
H HC-
pHTya;'lO:\!
nOCTpl1;KeHHe.
BaBI1.l0H~HC
npHCB0I1.1H
nOCTpl1)KCHHlI: npl1HCCCHHe B )KepTBy BO.10C 11Bblneprl1BaHHC
H BO;lOC jn~
npHBcno
nBopa
06bl'laH;
HOByfO <POPMYpllTyanbHoro
peHllC
He no.lb30Ba.10Cb
HC npH.'lep)KHBa,lHCb
on010pCHHlI
I106C;KneHHbIX
B KOHC'IHOM pny;lbTaTC
H BOCHHon,leHHbIX.
K nOCTpH)KeH~11O KaK BIUIH\lOro
')TO
XllTHlTOB
O
TOHbKO Y BCnO\taraTc,lbHbl.'\
H3pal1JlbTlIt-faX
pC;KHTKa,
Y Hac
ropauo
BOlolHOB 6blJllI
60.lbWC
CKOpCC yCJJO)KHHJ'l11'leM
CTaTHpOBaHO
HanO.10BHH)'
Y 111pallJJbTlIH
CYlllCCTBOBaHHC TpaypHoro
npC.llWCCTBYfOwcro
Ha3blBaCMbLH
H<llHpaT,
CBCllCHIIH. 6J1aronap51
Bbl~CHI1;lH ynoMlIHyTOC
I1MnyJlbCa
HaHCKoro
C6PHTbl
Ha
50-
H3BCCTHbIH, BnpOYeM,
OnCRHHIO Crl1l1eTCKHx
Y
apa60B
HaponHbtM
npl11HaKOM
lIBJlRCTClI JIll
nCpCnBHralll1Cb
30Ha
HaBepHO
ManoH
A3HH
<POP\lbl
BnpO'lCM,
'1aCTb rOJlOBbl
TaKlKe
HaWHX
nHcif.
n03JKC) llllll
Mbl
06SnaHb[
nOCTpH)KeHHe
rro
06CTy
11 a6aHTbl).
MarOMeTaHCKHM
BOJlOC 6blJl0
HCKOTopble
<POpMbl
(BbwcprHBaHHe
nOCTpH)I{eHH5I
aqiqa
fi OCB060)K,lleHHbIX
BOllOC)
(lll
3a
3TI1X neTaJ'leit
rrHCaTeJlllM,
KOTopble
B
3a
no-
TaK)KC rroTaK
lKe
a6COJlfOTHOrO
pcnHKT
TpaKTa
ropHbLx
lIBlIlIlOTClI
npaKTI1Ke
3aHMCTBOBaHHCM
Hl
3J1JlHHCKHX 3<pc6oB),
a TaK)I{e nOCTpl1lKeHHC llITR orro-
rJlaBHa51
06wcii
TltnH'IHblC
ropUbl
Macca
')TO
f10jlraJlbe,
npHXOjlbl
KaK
AHaJlHl
aHTpOnOJlOrH'ICCKHX
HaCeJlCHHSI py6c)Kcn
yClIOBHH
6acccHHa
(rypanc),
.3J1eMCHTOB )KH-
KaK Harrp.
lIBJlllJOTClI
B rOpbl
H pyccKlle
aHTpOnOJlOrl1YCCKoit
BblBOna\!:
CTpyK-
CXO,[lCTBa
YTO JtMeHHO oTTy,[la
f1011ranbC,
f10,[lrOpCKOe
npO,llBl1raJlaCb
TaK
K UHTpono-
OT Hce B CMblCJlC 60.ąbwero
KOJ10HH3HpylOlllero
MaClUTa6e
'ITO
COOTBCT-
HaCCJleHHC, a
,llOJlHHOit
B
.uyHaitua.
COXpaWIJlHCb
OCO-
bOJJCe
B KapnaTcKoi\:
nOBeTOB O'łCHb 1l0XOlKHMH
HaCTOlllllHMH
CJJHWKOM 0606wafOWl1M
CJleilYCT
lICHHJlH
Hcro
TIOllfOpbSl.
fpHHueBll'l,
H30JlSlUI10HHblMH
MCpHJlOM
rrOn'lepKHyTb,
HallJle)KaWI1M
'ITO
06pa30M
OHH
llafOT
Ha
MopaB-
06bllTb
OH llaJl
aHTponOnOrH'ICCKOM
nOn6HpaJl
ero
H 3aTywcBbIBaeT
xYllWHe
THna".
aHaJlHle
borrec
lIBlISleTClI
nO.ll60pa
no
nOTOM y
TanbKOTIpa-
JKpe6HIO,
ecml
y KOTOpblX
rrony'lJtrrHcb
'ITO
cocen-
JlHua.
OTHOCHTeJlbHO rypaneif,
f1oilropbll,
H
'iTO
"TllnH'IHbIC"
XOPOWI1C pClyJlbTaTbl
HeBbl-
TIollrarrbll
BCJJejlCTBl1e Toro,
TOHbKO HCXOllSl III
lKHTcrreit
HaCeJlCHHlI,
rrOBCTa
TaJlbKI1-fpI1HueBJt'la
OTHoweHHi\:
nO.ll6npaJI
pelyJJbTaTbl
IIC-
TaK KaK
MeCTHblC OTJJI1Yl1l1.
PC3YJlbTaTbl
aHTponorrora"
rrOjlp06HOC
,llepeBCHCKoro
MacwTa6
ItCCJlCnOBaHl1l1 IOlIHaHa
MO)KHO nony'lHTb
ueJJoro.
oKpyraMH
MOnpJKeBcKoit.
I1CKalKeHHble
Ha
B npHXO,llCKOM MaCIDTa6e,
aHTpOnOJlOrl1'1eCKI1X
B KaYCCTBC "OnbITHOrO
Bl1nbHblC PC3YllbTaTbl
3acny)KHBaCT
1111H,elUe Jly'lwe,
nCCJle,llOBaHl1l1 KpHCTHHbl
CJJenOBaHl1l1X Ha
K CJlCllYfOWI1\!
ryUyJlbl.
HCCO\1HCHHOnpHHanJlC)Kanll
11 fOpJlHUKOrO
Ba-
aHTpOnOJlOrHYCCKI1X
KOH<pllrypaUHH.
KaK nOllbCKllC
fpH60BCKoro
y
Hcro
TaM
OH MeHee
nOn6HpaJl
JlCCJJCnyeMblX.
HCCJlCllOBaHHlI nOKa3aJlH,
KpaCI1BbIX )KCHlllHH.
B nepcneKTHBC
BHC!1bl npHBonHT
Ha-
3JJCMCHTa, cpaB-
CJlejlCTBHCM
3Toro,
y
'ITO
OH oc06eHHO
CTapaTCJlbHO
Hcro
nOlly'larrHCb
orpOMHble
MC)KllY aHTpOnOJlOrl1'1CCKI1"'! COCTaBOM MYlKYI1H 11 JKeHWHH, KaK
Typbl
:lJ1eMeHTa
BHnHO BlIHlIHI1C rracTblpcKoro
COBMeCTHO C COCCilHHM TIOjlrOpbCM,
nOKalaJlH
npyrHc
PC3fOMe
HallllY-
apMlIHOltnanbHOro
CBJt,Ll,CTeJlbcTByeT O To~r,
HacellCHHlI,
,llOJlI1Hbl,
CJlenOBaHHe B rMHRHOM
CTapaTenbHO
nonrA~bECT04KJil3PEHW~AHTP0f10flOrJilJil
no
CKHX BaJlaXOB.
npl1
4EKAHOBCKJiI
nOHH
HI1)Ke
Ba,law-
3nHnaJlCO,lHTI1'1CCKOH
OCJlaBlIHI1BWI1XClI,
OTKlIOHlIlOTClI
Tonorpa<pH'ICCKOfi
)KHBcUKoro,
H nacT61tw
npHMecblO
B peJlllKTaX
.llOJlHHbl.
./lOHCKHBaJlClI "L!HHapCKoro
51H
J1annaHLlOHlla,lbHoro
nOllTBeplKllcHHoi1
He TaK JlapBHO
rpynnc,
6eHHOCTJt H3 CaHlleUKoii
30He
CKJlOHOM KapnaT
CaMbL"I BblCOKI1M TpaKTOM
60JlbWHHCTBa
XOTlI nCpBOlla'laJlbHO
C HaCCJleHl1CM CUH,lleUKoi\:
Henblll
npCJlI06011emIC.
f1onraJlbll,
naCTblpCKOM
HaxllblHyJla
')nl~1
nO.lycTpoBa
;lyroB
lHaYHTCJlbHoi1
coxpaHHBwcrocSI
llOHI'ICCKOif
3J1C-
J1eCCOB,COCiI.HHllIOWHX CTcnH YKpaHHbl
oa.1KaHcKoro
<popMaUi-Ill,
KaprraT,
BOCTO'łHblX
)KnTCJlH
rop,
KapnaT.
HI1TCJlhHO xopowo
KOTOphlC nCpCHSlJlH TaK)KC
3aKopeHHBwei'icSI
H3HyTpH
CYllCTCKHX
nan,laHnOHlla,lbHOro
Ha CCBCpC li necnCTblM
II hale).
TC;lCfi
nJlCMeH Ha TCppl1TOpHH
KpoMc
rrOCTpH)KeHHlI
pa60B,
KaK HaKa3aHIIC
cKa3aTb,
o6wepacnopCTpaHeHHoe
)T11 uepeMOHH11,
HX
(Bara6HTbl
06blYaCB ynoMHHafOT
CyWCCTBylOT
Bcero
Bccro
TaKJKe KaK H3Jl-
nocTplllKeHHlI
11 Ha3HpaT:
npe)Kne
Jl60M,
60JlbWOrO
XpHCHlaHe
KyJlhTypbL:
npC)KllC
CCMHTOB. TpynHo
BOCTO'lHble
nOCTpH)KCHHe HeBOllbHHKOB
30pCHI1R
Hall
3aHMCTBOBaHI1CM OT llpyrllx
TpaypHoe
rpeKo-pllMCKoi1:
.uOCTOHH
nOllpa;KaHHCM
.llpyrl1x
y
<ppaKHHcKHX KaK rppHfHifubl
11 nOCTpfI)KeHHe
nOCTpl1)KeHI1R,
Haponar.-l.
nOCTpl1)KCHHR.
ewe
nonp06HoCTH
MHOrO'lHCneHHble
06CT
RBnRCTClI TOYHblM
JlCMH3HPYll C OCTaBWHMHC5I 1I1bPJHHKaMH, 113HapollHblX
CTpHlKeHHe.
n
TaKJKC ,llpyrH\l
nCpC)KHTKOM
(Hnp.
.llaJlbH6lwltc
BO,10C
pynH\lcHTapHblM
6pl1J111BCfO rOlloBy
KOH-
60;lbWllltCTBa
B OaBapllll.
)I{HTCJlllX
CTByCT
RBJlRCTClI Bbl6pHTaR
BCTpeYaCMall,
)TO
BCTXOMY 3aBcTy:
nOCTpH)KCHlle.
)KpCUOB.
CYWCCTBOBaJlI1 pal,lH'IHbLC
JlHHCKa51 lheseis,
B He\!
EBponbl
(p%niny
CKJlOHU 3anailHl1X
COCTaBJllleT
nOCTpH;KCHl1l1 B Ka'lCCTBC nc-
BbLpbLBaHHR
BHI1MaHI1R <paKT, YTO OIlClIHI1C ;KpCUOB H nCBHTOB
no
J1 nacT5HW
CKHe nacTblpH
TaK;KC KaK Ha npCiIropHH
TpaKTOM nOilKapnaTCKI1X
J1aWCKOro HaCeJJCHHlI co
HO TCOJlOrll
KaK
JJyroB
XOllKOH H3 Ornct
pOllbL.
TaK
fOpHblX
KapnaT,
a6COJlfOTHOrO
C BHyTpCHHCi1 '1aCTbfO 3anallHoi1:
ApXaHYCCKaR
HJlH
KnCH\lCH HlI pa60B.
Y
UeHTpa,lbHblX
apXal1YCCKall 10Ha
MCHTa MClKllY 60,'lbWHM
on010-
npH1HaKa
npCLlropllH
coxpaHH;laCb
TeppHTopHH
fll1TBbl.
paCXO)l<llCHHlI
HanpHMep,
B
ero
HC-
669
lO'3E<I>
4.
rAEK
PalJle.leHl1e
1l0JlbWI1
Ha 10Hbl
npeJlCTaB.111eTCll TaKH.'"
MCC~EnOBAHM~
O
3THOrPA<I>MYECKOM
HA
PA'3DE~EHMM
1l0~bWH
aj
10Hb!
PAJ/lOHbJ
OKOH'IaHl1e
HaCTOHUlall
KapTorpaM~bl
I. Ilonbwa,
nonbiTKa
nOLlblTOlKl1Tb
npl1BOLlI1T
K cneLlYl{)wl1M
no
cOCTaBy
CTpaHCTBeHHblx
HapOLlHoro
nOllCOB,
cywecTByl{)wl1e
I1HBeHTapll,
rpaHI1Ubl
nO.lbCKl1e
)Tflorpaqll1'1ecKl1e
BbIBOLlaM:
KOTOpblX
OT'leTmfBO
B 60JTbWeH
pa3LlenlleTCll
Ha pllLl
11;111MeHbweM
npo-
a)
C
CTeneHI1 ca-
b)
K.
HI1TUJeM
nO_10CaMI1
pacnpOCTpaHeHlH1
nOJlbCKIIX
ro-
c)
no
1918 rOll);
c
Teppl1TOpl1llMH
1110.
rpaHlIllaMII
pa3HblX
BpeMeH
X III
(c
BeKa
c)
OT,ueJlbHbIX
nneMeH
II pOLlOBHX COf030B
(cpaBHI1
CT.
Ha6pocKoM
(2 113naHl1e);
C 30HaMI1
pacnpocTpaHeHI1S1
rl1'1eCKl1e 30Hbl
nOJlbCKOM
51. C.
B ero
BBeJleHHI1 B nOJlbcKyKl
apxeoJlOnt'leCKHX
HaYK
KyJlbTyp
pa3pa60TaHHble
-
B
1l0JlbWe
51. YeKaHOBCKIIM,
3THorpa<pl1'1eCKOe
pa3LleJleHI1e
JlOKJlaLl,e
K CHJTe3I1H: op.
f) corJlacylOTcll
Ma3YPcKI1C
1l0JlbWl1
B OCBe-
cit.
3eMJlH, Kypne),
2. BblweynoMllHYTblC
e)
nOJlOCbl li
B Te'leHl1e
11 B pa3Jlłt'lHOH
Tl1n
CB1I3aHIlble
60Jlce
MaJlblC
pa3Jl1HOCTb,
TaK
B HacTolllllei{
CTaTbe
TeppHTOpl1llMH
aLlMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHO-nOJlHTH'IeCKHMH
TOpl1eM lIpellHl1x
lIBOHHOH
lITBllrOB
xapaKTcp:
OJlHI1
6hlTh
MOlKCT,
KapnaTCKHMH
30H
C 60Jlee
repMaHl1l1,
3TY TeppłlTOpHI{)
3JleMeHTOB
pyMbIHCKHM,
.npeBHI1MH
Ha
ropCKoM
KynbTypbl
BeHrepCKI1M
11 yKpaHH-
<ppaKHHCKI1MH )JleMCHTaMfl,
JlI1HHeM nOCTopOHHHX
llBJleHHrt,
H ~YlKl1uKoa
cpeJle
C 6eJlopyc-
3anall;
pa3rpaHH'lHTeJlbHoi{
pacnpocTpaHeliHlI
py6C;K-
B JleCHOH
11 <I>HHJlllHlIl1eM;
30Hbl
naCTblpllMI1
3THorpa<pHyecKoM
3eMJlI1,
Tl1nl1'1HblX lIHll
BJlHllHI1H
l.JeXI1I1, I{)lKHOH
KOTOpOM ceBepHblH
fi
IOlKHblH
nocne
BTOPOM
HaXOll11TCll B CJ-tJle3I1H.
np06JleMy
COCTaBJllll{)T
BOcTo'IHall
I1MeeT TOlKe py6elKHblH
Ha
nonbCKHMt-l
xapaKTep,
30H
30Ha llBJllleTClI
11fOlKHall
CJlClIyeT
HHTeJlbHbJX
3eMJlI1,
r1PYCCl1l1 11 Hl1lKHllSl
BepOllTHO
YTO cl{)Lla
'3ananHble
BOWJlI1 CHOBa B COCTaB 1l0JlbCKOrO
3eMJlll,
KapTe
Hp
KOTopble
rOCYllapCTBa
(l1oMopbe,
CI1Jle31111), rJle OCTaBJleHHall
noceneHuaMI1
HO )TO
lIBJleHHe
MaTepHaJlbHall
KaXOLlI1TCH B
KyJlb-
rpaHt-luaX
J;
pe3YJlbTaTOM
CTapbIX BJlflllHI1H,
pacnpOCTpaKeHl-tll
TaKlKe 3a'lJ1CJlI1Tb npllCJlHKI1,
TI1JlO.10rt-l'leCKflX
nOJlbWI1
5.
Ha3BaHbl
3TO
KY_1bTypHble
paMOHaMH
I1JlHKOMnJleKCaMI1
pacnpOCTpalleHHll
rOBopOB,
a TaKlKe C 60Jlee
TaKI1MI1
6blJlO
KaK
n0311-
3aXBa'lel1Hble
npelKJle
nOCeJleH'IeCKOrO
HblM
paM-
npOCTpaHCTBeHHble
KOTopoe
Ma30BeUKoro
TOrO
B BenHKOH
pai1oHbl,
Cpe1l0M,
3TH
pOLlOBblX COI{)30B,
rpaHHuaMH,
KpoMe
BbJpl1COBblBal{)TCll
<p11'leCKHe paliOHbl:
TpaJlHUHei{.
11.111nOLlJlllWbe,
C HaCJlOeHl1eM
C 3cToHl1ei{
OHa Bblpl1COBblBaeTCSI Ha <poHe 30H
nOJlb-
CBH3blBalOUlHe
ceBepHble
npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX
)TO HeKO-
TepplHOpl11{)
reorpa<pH'IeCKOH
I1MeHHO C 30HaMI1
H 3e'vlJlllMI1
Teppl1TOpl111
OrpaHI1'1CH;
6blJll1
H AalKe
COCTaBJllllOT
TaK;Ke,
BoeBoLlcTBa,
ceBepO-BOCTO'lHble
coxpaHHBWI1MCH
BHOCOM 3JleMCHTOB BaJlaXCKIIM,
OTLleJlbHyl{)
Typa
OXBaTblBaJlI1.
HCTOpH'IeCKoi{
nJleMellHblMH
nOJlbCKl1e
a
nOllC (Ma-
BOCTO'lHbIH noSlC Ha1160.1ee
~1{)6nI1HCKOrO
COCTaBJllll{)T
HHBeHTapeM,
3JleMeHTbl,
JlaTBHeH
rpynny
BapMI111,
CpellHl11i
HJlYWI1X C I{)ra;
HOlKHhJX cTyn;
OJlHaKO
11 3THorpa<pH'leCKI1X
B01MOlKHO,
3TO Tpe6yeT
ewe
1l0JlOJl-
I1CCJleLlOBaHI1M.
BCJlCLI,CTBHeJlI1<P<PY3111i
OTlIeJlbHblX
HO OnpeAeJleHHoi{
<paKTOB, COBnaJlal{)T
Ilpyccl1ei{
npYCCKI1C
nepBOHa'la.nbHbIX
I1X OTJll1'1I1TeJlbHaSl 'lepTa
KaK
nOllCOB
nepeMeH'II1Boi1,
HCTOpl1'leCKI1X
HI1MI1
apeaJlbl;
Teppl1TOpl1fO
npOCTpaHCTBeHHblX
KOTopble
HMefOT
CTOJleTI1M OHI1 npOHI1KJlI1 B 3THH'IecKylO
CTeneHI1 :)Ty
C XOTll
(cp.
f)
nOSlCbl
pacnpoCTpaHeHl1l1
HeMeUKHM HaCeneHt-leM H nepeHllTall
BHeWHI1X l-lHOpOJlHbIX BJIHllHHM 11 pa311eJllll{)T
OHb!, CB1l3aHHb!e C MHorOBeKOBOM
nOllCbl,
30H
BJlOJTb
3 nOllca
BoeBoLlcTBa);
C nepelKHTO'lHbl~1
HO COlleplKaUlHe
Jl106YUlcKall
8);
KapTa
a CJTc.nOBaTcnbHO C npOXOlKJlCHl1eM
npocTpaHcTBeHHblc
npOCTpaHCTBeHllall
)JleMeHTOB
BTOPOIt
H KeJleUKOe
\1I1POBOH BOHHhl
11 JleCHblX nycToWelf.
lIBJllll{)TCSI pe3YJlbTaTOM
Ha 30Hbl,
397,
CTp.
TaKlKe C n03L1,HI1MH KOJTOHI13aUl10HHblMH npoueccaMH
rOpCKI1X nycTblpeH
3.
('laCTb
ueHTpaJlbHoi{
HCTOpHH, AOKJlaA
OTHOWeHHI{)
TopalI
IlpYCCl1l1);
BJlHlIHHllMH
py6elKl1
40, 1935 r. Hp 3, CTp. 64; K. MOWI1HbCKH - Ilpl1'lI1Hbl
AI1<p<pepeHUl1alll1l1 HapoAHoM
KyJTbTypbl, J1I01l, CTp. 88 B, pl1c. 3. A. Haw
no
llleHI1H
wy
BOCTO'lHall
dl 'leTBepToH
(apxeOJlO-
B ero
1l0'VlOpbe,
npelKHlIll
CKHM,
)T-
1l0JlbWa,
(CMOTpl1 KapTy);
3anaLlHI1MI1
)TO nepeKpeCTOK
H I1X rpaHI1Ubl,
AKa,ueMI1I1
bblCTpOHll
Be.ll1Kall
11 Ma30BHll);
MaJTaSl no.%wa,
npHHOCI1MhIMI1
HorpaqJl-tl{)
(CI1Jlell1l1,
BbJ;le.lllI{)TCll
npoHI1KHYTblrt
rpynny
BJlHlIHI1M
110Jlhwy
TYT
10Bl1ll,
rpeTbl{)
ApHOnbJl
palLle.llll{)wHe
Ha 10rO-BOCTOK.
cla60
(nywe),
HaTaHcoH-~ecKI1);
113 HliX
3anallHblH
'IaCTh MaJloi{1l0.1bWI1
C BalKHblM
d) C KapTorpaMHblM
e)
KapTy):
3anaJlHall
CI1CH, ~i-tTBOH,
C aLlMI1HI1CTpaTI1BHO-nOJlI1TI1'1ecKI1MII
LlI1<P<PY31111
npOCTpaHCTBetJHblX
BJlI1HHHrt,
(C\10TpH
Hl>le 3eMJIH,
pa3pa60TaHHblMll
lanaJlHblX
C ceBepO-BocrOKa
Jlpyryl{)
BOpOS;
b)
pacnpoCTpaHeHHll
OCI1, npOXOJllllllei{
P;KewyBcKoe
r ;lacyloTClI:
BCJlellCTBlIe
06pa30M:
reppl1-
3.1e,\1eHT<ł.
CBeT Ha
ó.
B
nonbwe,
6a_nI1HCKIIM
HoweHHll
MelKJlY paMOHaMH
B3aHMHyl{)
le\L11I,
KeneUKall
TOpl1ll
Hbl\l
K ceBepy
If
3e\IJlll
li
3eMJle,
(06a
3anallHOM
11 Ma30BeUKHM
Hnnl{)cTpl1pyl{)T
laBHCHMOCTb
paHoHe
KapTbl
r1oIVlOpbe
OT
py6elKa.
3Ta
c nOMopCKO-BOCTO'l-
3 110 8; OHH 6pOCal{)T
OTTaKlKe
HllMH.
'IaCTb
BoeBOllCTBa,
TeppHTOpl1l1
.1elKl1T K I{)rO-3anaLly
r.'le LlH<P<PY3110HHbleII \HtrpaUl10HHble
3THorpa-
r1pocTpaHCTBeHHb!e
BHI1MaHI111 3anaJlHai;
10lKHaH yaCTb JlI06Jll1HCKOrO
BJlHllHlle\1
paHbwe
I1MCI{)T aHa_~OrHI1 Ha YKpallHe,
paHOHOM).
H CB1I3b MelKlIY
3aCJlYlKl1BaeT
OT ropCKO-,laCCKoro
ceBepO-BOCTO'lHbIM
\leCTHOCTbl{),
CHne3CKl1H
B CepalllKOH
cy6cTpaTO\1
MaJlOnOJlbCKOM
L1,OBOJlbHOlIBCTBeHHO onHcaHHhle
MaJlOnOJlbCKI1i{,
P;KeluyBcKoM
T. eCTb Teppl1-
He 06bllTall
OT ceBepa
npOUeCCbJ npOTeKa.lll
lanaLl-
11 llBJllleTCll
B Ha1160.1ce
671
tiiO
cna60H
CTeneHH.
C 11pyroH
CKl1e Ky.TbTypHble
7.
B
pll11e
Kap T
Kawy6HlI)
8.
Il
CTOpOHbl
Mbl
BblcTynaroT
MaJlOR
aHallOrl111
nOJlhWeH,
MelKlly
!'vIelKllY n011J1l1Whe!'vl H £eCKl1llCKHMH
uenH).
::ho
Bbl3blBaeT
npeLlnOJlOJl(eHlle,
cerOLlHlI,
H'VIeeT xapaKTep
KOTopalI
MOnOJl(e
3aKJII0'1eHHe
BapTa,
B KyJlhTypHOM
B BHLle Km1Ha,
MaTYB-KYHenroB
BHcny
Pe3ynbTaToM
H TlIHeTClI
co06pa3Hbl\1
(nOMopbe,
Ma30BHlI,
TaKalI,
Mbl
,Hae\1
£,ypa,
l{ JleH41lUKOH
Hłp
,eMeJlb,
KOTopble
pacnpOCTpaHeHHSl
KnllH
H
6blllH
CTapblX
lIanpaBneHHro
60llee
HI1H
Ha CaH110MePJl(
H 3aMoHcKyro
BOpO-
Ha KapTax
a TaKJI(e B KeneuKol\
CBOpa'1HBaeT
nHJlHUa-
H,O-
MHTeHCHBHOCTh
3.
rJlaBHhle
CKpeweHHe
30Hbl
30H
(KapTa
TonKOBaHHlI
)TOro
n.leHl1e łneMeHTOB,
HOM xapaKTep.
MeHee
KynhTyphl
!lblX
l!JOPM Kylll
30Hbl
BJlHlIHHH
H
C ceBepo-BOCTO'1HbIM
TeppHTOpl1H
KynbTypHblX
4) H pac-
Hp
6hlJl ueHTp Hai160nee
(KapTa
noceBHhlX
8 TpeXCBepl1'1ecKall
CBl1JaHHhlX C TpanHUl10HHOH
py6ejj(eH
npenCTaBHTh
KapTa
nonoca,
KynhTypoi1
xpoHonorHro
TpaLlI1UHOH-
7). B Ka4eCTBe nOnhlTKH
Hp
He
Ha
Kap-
OCHOBaHl1li
nepeXOLlHhlX
yKaJhlBalOWall
lIBJle-
Ha BbICTy-
3J1aKOB, I1MeroWI1X nepexOll-
HC'le3aHI1Sl TpaLlHUI10HHbIX
Ha OCHOBaHIIH aHanH3a
311eMeHTOB
npOXO)ł(neHHl1
rpaHH'l-
9.
Hp
rpOXOJlbCKI1
py6elKoM.
<l>OPMbJ
KOMnneKCOB.
OPOCYWKI1
KPECTbJlHCKI1X
pacnpocTpaHeHl1l1
KyllbTypHoro
3EPHOBblX
KYJlbTYP
X03J1HCTBAX
8 XIX
BemIKonoJlbcKo-KYllB-
pacnpocTpaHeHl1e
CcpaLl3Koro
KynhTypHoro
B nOJlhCKI1X
11 XX
BEKAX
Pe3roMe
Ma30BeuKoro
ManOnOJlbCKOrO
II
KyJlhTypHoro
nOMOpcKoro
HaCTOllwlIH
KOMnJleKca.
KOMnneKca.
KyJlbTypHblX
KO\1-
TPYLl lIB.rJl1erCl1 nonblrKOH
nl1l!Jl!JepeHuHaUHH
pa3HhlX
11 npOCTpaHCTBe,
TPA)lHllMOHHbIE
B nOJlbCKOH
)lEPEBHE
3JlAYHblE
HA
nEPEJlOME
XIX
CTaTbll
3na'1HblX
nOCBlIweHa
KYl1bTYP,
11 XX
Tpyne
npDJI3BeCTll
TOpHI1
nonhWH.
WilPOKOM
OnHCaHl1ro
HeKOTopblX
BO BceH Oonhwe.
rpal!JH'leCKO-CpaBHHTeJlbHbIR
nonbCKOH
J,laKOB.
B
nCpeJl(I1TO'1HbIX
KaKHC COXpaHHJlI1Cb B KpeCTbllHCKOM
OHa OCHOBaHa Ha )THOrpal!JH'leCKHX,
npOH.JBeLleHHbIX
II
apxa-
XOJlIHCTBe 110 HOBeH-
TeppHTOpHaJlbHhIX
I1CXOLlll H3 HI1X aBTOp
nonblTanClI
HccrreLlOBaHIHIX,
npOH3BeCTH KapTO-
aHaJlHJ
H CllenaTb
Koe-KaKHe
Y\-103aKllro'leHHlI,
Kacarowll-
HapOllHOH
KynbTypbl
B 06nacTlt
B031le.1blBaHHlI
HeKOTopblX
Ka'1eCTBC nepe;KI1TO'1HbIX
•... -o.~--·¥
.
(Ha
Ky.lbTyp
pacc!\-taTpHBaeTclI
-,~:{":
JileCb
KaUHH
PblX
)lllll
6blll
aSTopOB,
CTpaHax
l.łexocil0BaKI111,
<l>opManbHblH
I)
H
cnoco6bl
\lO)KHO
B
no
paJpa60TaHHblX
naHHblX
c06paHHblX
B
npl1MepOB)
Onl1CaHMeM )TOH
EenopyccHlI,
pa360pa
TOJlhKO
HccnenOBa-
3THorpa<pH'leCKOrO
nH:CTOB) MOJl(HO 6hlJl0
aHamn
BO
OCHOB-
Bonpocy.
pe3YllhTaTOB
CeTKH. OonhcKoro
I1CnOJlhJOBaH (B Ka'leCTBe
3aHIIMarolUHxclI
non06Horo
3TOMY
nOJIh-
nepeMeH
np0l13BeCTI1
MaTepHaJIOB
MaTepl1aJIOB,
(ABCTpI111,
BeKOB, C y'leTOM
Henb311 6hlJIO
onpOCHhlX
B HaCTOllweM
co
BceR
OO.%we
TaKJI(e pHn
np06neMbl
repMaHII5I,
B
M TaJll1l1,
Teppl160nee
ny6J1H-
B HeKoroCnOBeHH5I,
lJJBeUl1l1,).
cpaBHIITeJlhHblH
\'laTeplla,lOB,
PaJHble
H XX
11J1H:paCnpOCTpaHeHl1eM
nOCTOl1HHoi1
paCCMOTpeHHlI
-
HHOCTpaHHhlX
X<1JlIlicTBax
XIX
CI1CTeMaTH'leCKOH
KyJlhTHBl1pOBaHHhIX
C HC'le3aHHeM
xapaKTepa
nyHKTax
B paMKax
JJlaKOB,
KapTorpal!JH'leCKH-CpaBHHTenbHbIH
MaCWTa6e
OTHOWeHI1H
CI1X nop
OCHOBaHHI1 onHopOLlHblX
eBponei1cKI1X
YKpallHa,
Ha nepeJIOMe
KapTorpal!Jl1'leCKI1
338
B
AT.laca
Pe3roMe
HaCTOllwall
pa60T
KYJlbTYPbl
BEKOB
)lo
paCCMOTpeHHlI
npocylUKH
CBlIJaHHblX
<pparMeHTapHoro
CO Bpe!'v1eHI1 nony'leHHlI
TeJlhCKHX
HEKOTOPbIE
cnoc060B
CKIIX KpecThl1HCKI1X XOJlIHCTBax
Bpe\1eHI1
rO<l>MAH-JlMAHLl3MC
TpaLlHUlIOHHblX
ueJle(KapTa
5), a TaKJI(e lIpOBOH
Hp
lIBneHl1l1, HO Ha OCHOBaHl111npOTeKaHHlI
,1HHHH pacnpOCTpaHeHl1l1
C'lHTaeT
KpOlUl1ThClI
KOMnJleKC.
pacnpocTpaHeHl1l1
KPblCTbIHA
llI1HaMI1KH
pJl(I1 (KapTa
BhIlleJleH
XJle60B
onpeneneHI1H
nOcpencTBeHHyro
HblX l!JOpM 3THX KynhTyp.
eClI
B
Ha KapTe Hp
JnaKOB nblTaeTClI
BcneLlCTBl1e
BpeMeH;
aSTOp
-
TypHblX
nneKCOB.
WHX
noceBOB
peJyJlbTaTOB
Torpal!JH'leCKOrO
BblcTynneHl1l1
się"
6).
Hp
CBl1JaHHblX C noceBOM
HI1M, COCTaBrreHa 6bwa
"krzyć
Tpalll111110HHblX COpTOB Pjj(H (KapTa
lIpOBblX
HblX łne:l<leHTOB,
rpaHl1U
B CB1I311C TeM
cnOBa
3eMnll.
HC'1e3HOSeHHe CTapblX
pacnpocTpaHeHl1e
7. OpocTpaHcTBeHHoe
l1'leCKIIX
CTaphlX
Tpalll1UHH
2).
Hp
KOMnlleKca.
npOcTpaHcTBeHHoe
8.
30Hbl
KyJlhTYPHblH
nWeHI1Ubl
lIBneHHH,
H 3aBłIXOCT,
JHa'leHHlI
Ha OCHOBaHl111nony4eHllhlX
II PalloMOT
pa3Hhle
KynhTyphl
1) H CellHl1e CTapbIX COpTOB pjj(l1, Melł<ny
Hp
(KapTa
BJlHlIHHH.
3ana11HbIX
py6eJl(Hble
4. CHne3cKHH
5. TeppllTopHlI
CKoro
3anallHblX
06JOp
J1 OJliMOH
TeppIHOpI1H.
MOrrOJl(e
30Hb!
lISnlleTClI
KaKyro
nOnOCb!, CJlellOBaTerrbHO
DKI1
1.
2.
6.
3). .laTh
II pJl(I1 (KapTa
Kpjj(IIUbl
npeLlCTaBIITh
npOCTpaHeHI1Sl CTaphlX
lIBlleHHH.
KapTa
C.\teCh nweHHUbl
Hp
B PJI(ewyBcKyro
BblweCKa,aHHoro
TaK HaJblBaeMOH
BbICTy-
H KaJTHWCj<OH 3eMnllX,
K BOCTOKy, no
Bcero
npO'lHM
ropHoii
I111YWHX C 3anaLla,
BblweynoMlIHyTblH
npClKne
B )KI1BeUKOH
Cepall,Koił
lIBlleHHI\,
,OHOI\
(oc06eHHO
'1TO BO)lOpa,LleJlbl
pa3pb!Barolllero
B CepaLl3KOH
CKOH TeppllTopHlIX.
nepeceKaeT
MallOnOllb-
lKe paBHeHHlI
'1TO
nOLl'1epKHYTb,
a CJleLlOBaTeJlbHO Teppl1TOpHlI
nHHHH
II
BOCTO'1HOH. TaKHe
OTHOWeMHI1.
TaMH BJlH4HHH MHOr04HCJleHHblX
6paJl(eHbl
yKpaHHcKHe
ceBepO-3anallHOH
pa3rpaHI1'IHTeJlbHOH
cJleLlyeT
cywecTByrowHX
,lleCb
ropaMH,
oc06eHHO
nalOT
B
HaXOllHM
paBHeHl1l1.
aHanl13,
06pa60TaHHblX
n03BO.ll1eT
cnenaTh
npocywKH
JJIaKOBblX
paJlleill1Th
Ha llBe
cneLlyrowllc
"y,TbTyp
B
KapTorpal!J1I'leCKOM
BblBOllbl:
B
OCHOBHbIe KaTerOpltH:
nonhCKliX
KpeCThllHCKHX
,. -e,
1)1-
(i.3
aj
npocywKa
"na
TblX KaTeropHH
II
cHonax,
garściach",
coneplKHT
a lKaTaeHHblX
H aapbllHToa,
MJlH BepTHKaJlbHall),
TpanHUl1l1:Vl
cjJOpMbl npocywKH
ropl110HTaJlbHO
xJle6oB:
HIIII
nepeKpeCTHblX
aj
pa3HblX
UHlIX 6blJla
THKaJlbHble
Ha
paHOHe.
TpH
2)
Kapra
B
MblX xne60B),
H
3), laTO
nepHOLl
XJle60B
ropHhLMH
H nocne
KonHax
06pa30M
Tpyna
npell(Lle,
TaK
ropaMH
3)
C
paHOHax,
(CMO-
5, 6 H 7).
PacnpocTpaHeHHe
KoneH
Ha'laJlOCb
B KOHue
cepna,
Ha 6blCTPYlO
KonHbl
KonHbl,
'ITO n03BOJUlJlO
011HaKO, MHOrO'lI1CJleHHble
KyJlbTyp
yKJlanbIBaeMble
pa3Hblx
ilepeBlIHHblX
Ha ropCKHX
-
:no
KonHbl
palHlITClI
He' TonbKO
yKnanoM
OKalaJlI1Cb
KonCH:
[([mc
B KonHax
cpa3Y
nocne
xJle6a,
4) foplnOHTaJlbHb!C
CHC'nOB II cjJyHKUHII l'
nOKoca;
B
KonHax
KonHbl,
cKllp11aM
npocylllKa
13peMeH XX
a
'1eThlpexpll11HblH
6)
Cpe.'lH
-
HO H
a)
B npHH-
npeHMyulccTBeHHO
C TO'lKll
-
KOnHb! --
OT
"rząd",
aepTI1KanbHo:
aHaJlOrJ1'łeCKHX
CTOpOHbl,
BaphllHTb!
BepOllTHO
cnopaml-
BcpTHKanhHO-
repMaHCKoro
6paH11cH6yprCKo-nY)f(HllKOrO
npc>-
npOHCXOlKneHHlI,
HHlKHeCl1ne3CKoro).
H<I1BaHHfl
)f(aTBCHHbIX
KoneH
(CMOTpH
KapTbl
Hp
4
nBC rpynnbI:
b)
CB1I3aHHble C cjJOpMOH KoneH
-::- CJTOBaKl1l1, CJIOaCHHlI,
croceHa'
-
cHonoB),
YKa3blBalOWHe
OTHOClIll(l1eClI
(l5
"mcndel"
,lla13HerO cnoc06a
3peHHlI
lIpOBble.
yK,lanKH
BepC'lITHO CB1I3aHbl C 11aBHH:VIHTpanll-
Ha
"krzyż"
--
nOilC'IeTa
ypolKall
OC06CHHO
MeHDeJlI1
C'IeT
npl1MeHeHI151
Ha
apXal1'JCCKOH
OCHOBHblC cnoc06bl
KonHbl,
KOnl1'1eCTBO CHonoa
KaK Hnp.
KpeCT -
TIonbllla.
ABCTpl1l1,
iepMaHHlI,
Ha
KonHax.
OCHOJ3aHHHKOnH'IeCTBa
11 Ha nynKOJlKH
XJle60B,
cyllleHHc
cylllecTBylOwHe
x.le60B
pacnpOCTpaHeHl1l1
YKa3blBaeT
HblX,
nb!.
TaK
npl1'łI1Hbl
Bb!CTynneHl1l1
ilHcjJcjJCpCHuHpOBaHHblX
13apbllHToa,
CB5I3b C TepplłTOpHlI~IH
~:, -
..Luo".
CTpaHax
Llcpe-
EBpOI1hI,
Ha TO, 'ITO OTneJlbHblC
HC3aBHCI1MO B C.1aBlIHCKI1X, pOMaHCKHX
CXOlKHX reorpacjJH'leCKO-KJ1I1MaHI'leCKHX
l.JTO KaCaeTC5! KynbTypHblX
<jJopMe pllila
(rOpJ130H-
pa3HblX
QJOPMbl
rcorpacjJl1'1eCKO-KJ1I1MaTI1'1eCKH:V'll1yCJ10BHlIMH. 3TH IPOpVlbI Bblpa60TaJTHCb,
a,lllllHI1CM
06bllCHeHllC'v1
KOTOpbIX
2 nYJIKOneKa.
B OOJlbllle
npH'IeM
Ilon
no
nocpCllCTaO:Vl
TaKlKe BO '1HOrI1X Dpyrl1X
30H
(lO
CHCTCMbI.
pacnpOCTpaHeHbl
pa3MelJleHHe
,llCClITKa
CHonoa,
llnH
BlIHHblX npl1cnOC06J1CHl1ii)
06ycno13neHbI
-
51BJllleTClI KJ1aCCI1'leCKHM rrpHMepOM
llleCHlileClITl1pH'lHOH
KonHbl,
)),l1aneKTJ1'łeCKI1C
51BnlllOTClI rrCpe)f(J1TKaMI1
6 ,lleC5ITKOB, no 4 MeHAenll
no
npocylllKH
aepTHKaJlbHble
B
"dziesiątka"
(30 cHonoB)
CHono B) H "półkopck"
(60 WTYK),
7)
Hnp.
"kreuz-haufe"
K ::lTOH rpynne,
C'II1TaJlH Ha "Konbl"
T,lnbHblC
"kreuz",
./IlTaJlHlI.
Ha3aaHl1l1,
Tep:vmHbI,
KaK
qlaK-
Ha3BaHHlI,
"kriz"
3a-
cjJyHKUHefi.
npeHMywecTBeHHO
KaK cjJop:Vla, npH6J1HlKCHHall
HJlI1 CTora:VI -
H 'leTblpexpll,Il,Hall
BapbllHT
MHOrO'lHC,leHHb!X
8) C'TJlH'laIOTClI
oc06eHHO
XJlC60B, CB1I3aHHblX B CHonbl,
acpTHKa,lbHO-PllilOBb!X.
npOHCXO)f(,.'leHI1I1 KaK
B TIonbllle
TpaLlHUH-
vel "kucka",
'1eCKH, OT HenaaH~IX
TpCXp5IilHall
3aHMCT130BaHHble
COXpaHJ113lllHMClI
"kuczka"
C ,llpyroii
KonCH:
nOll13H;JllCb
KOHCTaTHpOBaHHblC B 30Hax
He3aBHCl1MO
60,lee
-
H lIBJllIeTClI
-
HeKOTopblC
KoneH,
J
OCHOBHylO ilHcjJcjJcpeHUHaUHIO
aepTHKaJlbHO-oKpylKHblX
pacnpOCTpaHeHl1l1,
HaceneHl1eM.
KaK MOlKHO no,laraTb,
aj QJYHKUHlI BepTHKaJlbHblX
KonHbl
(npe)f(HI1C 30Hbl
cTapelilllHM
B.) BblcTynalOWl1e
Bccro
aepTI1Ka.lbHble
vel ••słonik",
ponHMOM
DO.lhlllC
60;lbllle
BCCH cTpaHb!.
HCMeUKHM npHlllnblM
rOpH301fTaJlbHO.
CHonOB,
o
cjJopMa BblcTynaCT.
B TIOJlblllC
BepTHKaJlbHO-LlByxpllDHbIX
c06HpaHHe
reorpaljJH'IeCKO-K,lHMaTH'IeCKIIMH
:VlOlKHO npOH3BCCTH c ..
lenylOwylO
'ITO
np013HHUHlIX,
comaCHO
CBl1neTC.lbCTBYIOT
H
B .\1aClllTa6c
nOJlbCKl1e Ha3BaHHlI,
"postawka"
)Ta
CTaTHCTll'leCKI1VI DaHHblM
113 rep,VlaHHII
ceBepO-3anaDHblX
vel "kupka",
TaK
no
rne
coxpaHH,lHCb
(POPM, 3a13ne'leHHblX
06CTO-
MeHbllleii
npHcnoc06JlełłHH
TeppHTopHlIX
B
"baba")
rne
3aHMCTBoaaHII~
onpelleneHHblX
"kopka",
"kozio!"',
BepTHKaJlbKO-
yCKOpHTb
THna,
Hp
ljJOPM KoneH:
0111Mble
06p;no:V1
lIM(Hnp.
HaBeCO:VI, 'ITO MOlKCT CBH,llCTenbCTBO-
THna
cjJaKTOTl 13HywaeT,
Ha3BaHHlI).
a oc06eHHO
BeKa;
Tpe6ylOwylo
npocylllKy
npelKHero
BblcTynaeT
XIX
pllil
)TOrO
Ky6aTYPY
r,laBHblM
03H-
(CMOTpH KapTbl
BepTHKaJlbHble
'ITO KonHbl
B Ka'leCTBe
pacnpOCTpaHeHl1l1,
If.lll
Ha lHa'lH-
(oc06eHHO
9).
Hp
3peHIIlI
B nOKocax
HCCOMHCHHO
IICXOlK,lleHl1l1 (TpexpllDHblii
pa3Hblx
He60M
B OO,lblllC
pll110BblX
11 OonnllCKOM
3TOM 3aMeTl1Tb,
J1MeIOWI1X Hal1MeHblllylO
OKpylKHblX
Bep-
reppHTopHlIMH
H B OT.LIeJThHbIXCHonax
cjJOpMbI, 06YCJlOBneHHol1.
KapTy
TO'lKH
CHonax.
nocpencrBoM
Hp
KapTbl
nocpeilCTaOM
H CCH'IaC -
npHMepOM
)I(aTBeHHble
)Toii
'leM
XJle60B
(CM.
KOHUC
npOBHH-
H oc06eHHO
BOHHbl 3a6pOllJeHO
KynbTyp
npe.LICTaBJTlIIOWHe cjJOpMy,
H n03BonlllowYIO
0pocylllHBaHHe
THnH'IHbIM
KonHbl,
cnoco60M
MllpOBOH
pacnpOCTpaHHnHch
(CMOTpH
BepTHKaJlbHble
Il
3na'lHblX
lITeJlbCTBO CB1I3aHO C BBe.LIelUleM KOCbilI
TpaTbl
B
ceBepO-3ana.LIHbIX
npocywKH
H aepTHKaJlbKO-pllnOBblX
npaKTI1'IHbIM
KonHax,
B JilO6nl1HCKOM
OrpaHI1'lHaaJlHCb
npocywKy
B ropH30lHanbHblX
BepTHKaJlbHO-OKpYlKHble
YP0)ł(3l1;
V).
Ta6;1.
nOD rOJlbl\1
n03.lHe:V1 nOllBneH~111 a:V16apa B 30He
Ha IOrO-BOCTO'lHO.i1 TeppHTopHH,
5)
OCHoaHble
I H 11), d) B Kon-
B OTneJlbHblX
B
CTapeHWHM
UeHTpaJlbHblX
npH
aV16apoa,
H
OOJlbWH
MaccoablM
OKpylKHblX
06pa30M
ropM-
2).
Hp
nnOWaLlll
xne6a
Bccro
III H IV), H e) npH
(CM. Ta6Jl.
-
HlnOB
roplnOHTaJlbHO-
Ta6Jl.
O cpaBHHTenbHO
CnenYCT
yKJlanblBaeMblx
KonHax
(CMOTpH
OOLlKapnaTbH,
pacnpOCTpaHeHHlI
ComaCHO
BaTb
npH-
yK,laLlKa
CJle.LIYlowl1e
H ropH30HTaJlbHblX
rnaBHblM
npHcnoc06neHHI1.
MelKllyBoeHHblH
re.1bHoii
(Hnp.,
(CMOTpH -
pelKe cylllHnlf
Ha
a
a IOro-aOCTO'lHbIX
B nOKocax
npOCTpaHCTBe
fpaHl1Ubl
C)
U1111:V1H
xpaHCHI111 XJlC60B
a OTneJlbHblX
.LIepeallHHblx
a OTLleJlbHblX cHonax,
npHcnoc06J1eHHH
pacnpOCTpaHeHHOH
KonH!>1 BblcTynaJlH
nepeBlIHHblX
b)
H BepTllKaJlbHO-pllnOBblX
LlepeBlIHHblX
MeHbweM
CHonOB
KOHCTaTHpOBaHO
B nOKocax,
XJle60B
pa3Hblx
a TaKlKe OT HX KOJlll'leCTBa.
B ropHl0HTaJlbHO-nepeKpeCTHbIX;
a
yKJlaLlKll
BepTHKaJlbHO-napaJlJleJlbHbIX,
npocywKa
BTOp,1l1 H3 ynoMlIHy-
J npocywKa
Bbl.LIeJllleTClI pll.LI nOArpynn,
H ropH30HTaJlbHO-napaJlJleJlbHblX
BeKa HaH60Jlee
a CHonax.
nOMOWH
rpynn
B OOJlbllle,
Hax BepTHKaJlbHo-oKpylKHblX
XIX
H aj
npH
a 3aaHCH:VIOCTI1 OT cnoc06a
coxpaHflBWHMClI
nOMOwH
1I1 -
KonHax,
B KalK.LIOH H3 onHcaHHblX
cnoc06,leHHH.
',OHTaJlbHall
T. e. a nOKocax
TpH CMCTeMaTH'IeCKHX rpynnbl:
t. XLVII
C
TaK
MHOrO'lI1CneHllbIX
3THII'IeCKOH
II
repMaHCKHX
yCJlOBHH, 'lTC'
TO'lKI1
aHa,lorHH
3peHHlI
CTpaHax
:VlOUIO 6bl
Ha
6blTh
npOCTpaH-
TCppHTOpHlIX
EBpO-
OC06CHHOCTeH, TO OHI1 npOllBJllIIOTC51 B cneUHcjJH'IeCKOH
30Hbl pacnpOCTpaHeHI111 KOTOpblX YKa3bl13alOT Ha reHeTll'1eCK)'IO
HCKOTOpblX rrynn
11.111)HII1'JeCKHX
06pa30BaHfIH.
674
675
jJHYlli
EOr)IAHOBWI
IlblX nOMelUelll1l1X (KapTb! Hp 15 J1 16) li '1eplIaKJl XOll1H:CTBeHHhIX
11;.KlinbIXnOMellleHaii
(HP 14). I1cc.lelIOBaHl1l1 OT)leJlbllblX 06'beKTOB, OCHOBblBallCbHa aHaJll11e Bccro MaTCpJ1a.la,
AMEAPhI,
MHhlX
..
TAK
HA3hIBAEMhIE
TIOMElllEHMJ1
X03jJJ1CTBAX
.lIJIjJ
"SPICHRZE",
XPAHEHlUI
B TIOJIhlliE
HA
3EPHA
HA TIEPE.'lOME
B
XIX
¢OHE
nOKala.rllf,
9TO BbIcTynałOlllHe Ha Teppl1TOpHH TIonbWJ1 aM6apbl
MOlKllOpalilCHI1Th
Ha HecKOJlbKO TllnOB Jl BaphllHTOB. OCHOBOMnJlll np0l11Be)leHHll Tl1IJ1naUl1J1 npl1HlITO
KPECThjJHCKMX
B HaCTOHllleH CTaTbe C911TaTb npJ1HUJlD "'lOp<POJlOrI1geCKOH1111<pcjJepeHllHaUI1I1.
Cpenlf
11 XX BEKOB
npH1HaKOB, KOTopbIe
6bJJ]11 npe;.Klle Bcero
npllHllTbI
BO BHII\laHI1C, cnenyeT
ynoMlI-
HyTb KOHCTpyKUHIOCTeH (Kap Ta Hp 3), <pOpMy KpblWH (KapTa Hp 4), nO.l <pYHllaMcHTa
Pe110Me
(KapTa Hp 5), nJlaHl1poBKY (Hp 6) 11 Be,ll1'1JlHY.
CTaTbll -
aM6apbl
Ha <pOHe HHblX nO'\lellleHI1H lVllI
CKl1XX0111HCTBaXB TIOJlbllle Ha nepeJlOMe XIX
BOi{ nonbiTKOM B nOJlbCKOH JJJnepaType
6apOB,
pyKOBOllllCh KpJlTepHeM
XpaHeHl1l1 1epHa B KpeCTbllH-
COnOCTaBJJllJl pelYJ1bTaTbl KapT OT Hp 3 LlO Hp 6, ,\1O;.KH.0KOHCTaTl1pOBaTb, 9TO
11XX BeKOBlIBJllIeTCll B OCHOBHOMnep-
np0l13BelleHI111 TlmOJlonm
0603Ha'leHHble
KpeCTbllHCKI1XaM-
Mop<pOJlOrl1Jl, <PYHKUI1I111 BpeMeHHOM H npOCTpaH-
CTBeHHOll IlH<p<pepeHUl1aUUH.
TIp06JleMa
aM6apOB
pa36HpaJlaCb
B COnOCTaBJleHI1HC npyrliMI1
X0311HCTBeHHbIMI1
HC'le3aHHH aM6apa,
Ha
MaTepliaJlbHOH
BaHHlI P. A.
n03BOJll1JlO IiCCJlellOBaTb npH'II1HbI BblXOlKileHl1l1In
TeppHTopHH
nplllHaKI1,
CyMMJlpyIOIUHX, TaK CKalaTh,
HHlI OT 3x 3110 4x 5 MeTpOB; CTeHa cpy6a,
Ka OCHOBaHHll Ha
OCHOBOi{HaCTOlllUeii CTaTbH 6bl.~1I TeppHTOpllaJJbHble
6JleMOH aM6apOB B 1955 r. KpoMe
ATJlaca),
npmnBeileHl1bIe
rpa<pH'leCKHX, <PIiJlO,~Orli'leCKHX Jl
apXHTeKTOHl1'leCKHX HHCTHTyTOB, a
np06JleMbI
<pI1'1eCKO-CpaBHIUeJlbHhliiMeTOll. B npocTpaHcTBeHHoM
aM6apoB
y'IJlTbIBaJl
IlMelOlllero
06JlenJleHHall CHapylKlI CJlOCMfJlHHbl; YKJlan-
CBOlI'IaThrH: cpy6,
nOCTpOllKJl, KpbllUa
lIByx- J1Hj{ 'IeTblpeXHaBeCHall,
YJlOlKeHl1allB cpy6,
KOHCTpyKI.\J10HHO
HeCB1I3aHHallC HI1M; reHenl'leCKJl
mITepaTypy
OTHOllleHJlIl MaTepHaJl,
COCTaBJllllOlllaii nOTOJIOK aM6apa;
npJ1'1I1CJJlIeT K aM6apaM
TIpocTpaHCTBeHHoe
npJlMeHllJlClI KapTorpa-
Tl1na
113Mepe·
3eMHe, <pYHilaMeHTe JlJlI1 HayrOJlbHblX KaMHlIX; KynoHoo6pa3HbIM
HCCJleIlO-
pe3YJlbTaTOB JlCCJleIlOBaHHll, CBH3aHHblXC aTJlaCOM
11 pe3YJlbTaTbI npUBeJl H3 aHKeT. TIpH pa3pa60TKe
npl13HaKaMH 3Toro
I1JlI1KBanpaTa,
Hall npo-
aBTOp HCnOJlb30Ba,1 B CBoeM TpYile Heony6JlHKOBaHHbIe MaTepliaJThl H3 apXI1BOB 3THO-
6bl,111 HalBa-
pa3MeweHHlI.
I. THn CIIHe3CKO-CnJ1lKCKJ1H
(KapTa Hp 8). XapaKTepHbIMIf
ynoTpe-
Ja-
TlmbI 11 Ba-
JlMelOllllle TaKoe-lKe npo-
3TI1M TlłnaM ilaHbl\f
lIBJlllIOTClI: nJlaHllpOBKa B <pOpMCnpllMoyrOJlbHHKa
TIOJlblUH.
E. (TIOJlbCKOrO 3THorpa<pl1'leCKOro
IOIlIHRCH BhlcTynJleHHll
pbllHTbI aM6apOB,
HHll, B 3aBłłCJl.MOCTI1OT J1X Teppl1TOpHaHhHoro
a C IlPyrOH: CTOpOHbIIlIlHaMI'IKHpa3BHTHll HOBblXnOMellIemrn
nJlll Bb!MOJlOTOrO 3epHa,
6JleHIl1l aM6apa
YKa3bIBalOT Ha HeKOTopble
BbllleJlIITb onpelIeJleHHble
CTpaHCTBeJ1HOepacnpOCTpaHeHl1e . .lIJlll ynpollleHHll
nOMellleHHlIMH, HcnomUlIOllIliMI1 Ty lKe <PYHKIIIiIO.BbllleJleHl1e C OAHOMCTOpOHbI npouecca
Ha HHX npOCTpaHCTBeHHble rpaHI1Ubl
KOHOMepHOCTl1,'ITO n03BOJlHeT, B CBOIO O'lepellb
CaKJleBI1IlHhIM, KpyrJlblM,
pacnpOCTpaHeHlle
noro
Cll, MelKllY npO'll1M, OIlHHM 113 apryMeHToB
3TalKHOCTb, C JleCTHJlueH: BHyTpll
cpaBHHTeJlbHO nJlOCKall, CB060ilHO
TJ1n nOT
aBTOp
IOJKHO-eBponei{cKI1M H CJlOBaI.lKI1M.
nma
Ha Teppl1TOpllJl
TIOHhlUH lIBJIJlCT-
B nOJlb3Y 3TOMrJ1nOTe3bl.
n. TlIll JlI06JlJ1HCKO-Ma30BeuKJ1ii (KapTa }IP 8). XapaKTepHblMJ1 npH:maKaMl1 3TO-
Kaca-
HX KOJll1'leCTBeHHYIOilH<p<pepeHIJJlaUHIO.
f O TJlna HBHllIOTClI:nHaHJ1pOBKa B cjJopMe KBanpaTa,
CO CTopOHaMIl B rpaHHl..{ax 2,5x
TIlliOJlOrH'IecKyIO KJlaCcu<pHKaUJl!OaM6apoB
npOH3Bell,eHO Ha OCHOBaHl11lCI1CTeMaTJlKH,
2,5 no 4x 4 MeTpOB; CTeHbI B cpy6;
yKJlallKa OCHOBa}I11lI
Ha 3eMJle l1JlH Ha HayrOJlbHblX
BhIileJlllll
xapaKTepHblX
KaMHHX; nocTpoJ1Ka
Kphlwa
npOCTpaHCTBeHHoe
npOllB,leHl1e
KOMnJleKCHblX npJl3HaKOB
AJlll n.aHHOH: Teppl1TOpl1l1.
9aCTO apKailHall,
AHaJlJl3HpYll MaTepłłaJl
1860-1960
rOilOs,
OCHOBblBallCbHa HHTeparype
HHKax, OTHOClIllIHXClIKO BpeMeHIł, npellruecTBylOlUeMy
BaTh, 'ITO aM6aphl
KapTa
Ha TepplITOpHIi
Hp 1 npellCTaBJllleT npouecc
Ha'lep'leHHble
2 -
MUJlll,
Jl He 06HapylKeHo,
TeppHTopHIO,
rne
HO rne
rJlaBHblM 06pa30M
norOB
COXpaHI1JlI1CbTpallHIJHH 06
BpeMeHI1 K nepHony,
III.
aM6apbl
3aTpOHYTOMY
TIOJlhWII cHenyeT J1CKaTbB BBell,eHJ1l1
3KOHOMJ1'1eCKI1X
nOMelllełll1ll
ilJlll XpaHeHJoIJl3epHa,
3Toro
BCTpe'laeMbIM B TIonb-
TJlna, OXBaTblBalOllll1e TeppHTopHH c HaJ160Jlee
pelYJlbTaTbI
I1CCJleilOBaHIIMapxco-
paTylolllHMl1 la rJlnOTe10H npOIlCXOlKlIe-
TlIna.
CeBcpHblH
BOCTO'IHO-ellpOneH:CKHij:THn.
OH
pa11IeJllleTClI Ha lIBa
Y3KO<pacanHbIe (Kap Ta Hp 9) I{ lUJ1pOKo<pacalIHble (KapTa 10). 06lUlle
nonTHnOB:
MeTpa -
TIPH'IHH JlCge3aHl111aM6apOB Ha TeppllTOpllJl
pacnpOCTpaHeHllll
lIBJllllOTCll OC110BHhIMI{apryMeHTaMll,
HHJl 3Toro
HaCTOlllUell CTaTheH.
B 06J1XOlI HOBhIX, 60Jlce
CBJl3blBaeT '1epe3 IOJKHO-eBponeiicKHe 3epHO-
IIMelOlllJle TaM 3TO Ha3BaHHe, CO CTapOCJlaBllHCKJl.Ml1
Jlape'lHblMJl aM6apa-
KOHccpBaTlIBHblM CTpOJlTeJlbCTBOM Jl HeKOTopbIe
3 -
IICTOpl1'1eCKall, CBHneTeJlbCTByeT O cy-
TaKHX 06'beKTOB, OTHOClIlUl1XClI
no
COJlOMOH. reHeTJ1geCKH 3TOT Tlłn aBTop
MI1, C'Il1Tall, 'ITO 3TOT TJln npHHailJlelKJlT K CTapeHllll1M aM6apaM,
nOBceMeCTHO
BCTpe'laIOTCH cnOpailll'leCKH,
JlJlII '1eTblpCXHaBeCHall,
C CI1HbHO BblCTalOWl1MIl HaBeCaMI1, KpblTall
lUe. rpa!lJ1llbl
TeppJlTOpl1l1, TlIe HeT aM6apOB Jl He COXpaHI1JlaCb O HlIX Tpa-
O)lHaKO JlIlTepaTypa,
ruecTBoBaHHH
1 -
nJlpaMJ1ilaJlhHall
HacalKneHHall,
Bble aM6apbl,
TIOJlbIIlH lIBJlllIOTCll perpeCCl1pylOlllHM npoueCCOM.
MecTHocTIł, rll,e aM6apb!
TeppI1TOpHH, r)le XOTlI aM6apoB
HX CYlUeCTBOBaHJlI1,4 -
li I1CTO'l-
MOlKHOKOHCTaTllpO-
IIC'Ie3aHII1IaM6apOB B Te'leHJle nOCJlell,HerO CTOJleTHll.
Ha Hei{ npOBHHIIHJl 0603I1a'laIOT:
BbIcTynalOT aM6apbl,
3TOii 3noxe
OlIH03TalKHall;
rJly6oKo
nnaHllpOBKa
B <POpMe npllMoyrOJlbHlIKa,
4 >~5 MeTpoB, CTeHa B cpy6,
C pa3MepaMIl
nonTlIna:
npl11HaKlI
B npellCJlaX
2x 3
YKJlailKa OCHOBaHJ1l1
Ha CBaJlX HJlH HayrOJlbHblX
KaMHlIX, nOCTpOHKa OilH03TaJKHall 11 ilByxHaBeCHall KpbIllla 6e3 H111111l
IInH lKe C Hl1weil,
KaKJ1MI1
B KO;lnoHKy
II XpOHOJlOrł19CCKOM
noplllIKe lIBJlllJlłłCb: 'IynaHbI (KapTa Hp J 3), '!YJlaHbl npli X0111llcTBeH-
I1ml 6e3
KOJlJIOHKH.TIpI13HaKH, lIJI<p<pepeHll.HpYJOIUJ1eBapbHHTbl:
II HHWJ1HaxonllTCll CO CTOpOHhl <pacalla (IllHpOKO<paCa}lHhIllnm)
s
~
.....•. .."'""---,'
BXon
IIJlJ1C 60KOBOH CTeHbl
li 7 7
B XII-XV
(Y1Ko<!JacanHbIH
nm)
Ka
ABTop
IIHTepbepa.
Bep05łTHO
fi
COOTBeTCTBYIOUJa~, B CB~111 C 3T11:\f1l npII1HaKa.\lIl,
CYI1TaeT,
XII-XIII
B
BeKax
C.laB5łHCKI1X 1epHOBblX
IIrpalOWIIMII
pO,lb
IV. KpO\le
a\16apOB,
;KflJlblX
BblWC
'ICCKI1 aM6apb[,
CCBepHblH
B
II HCMellKII\IH
3epHoxpaHH.lfllllaMH
OCHOBHO"I,
aM6apOB
B
ll,l~
(<!JOT. 20,
B01HI[;:
BblcTyn.leHlI~
;KI1THHll C a \16apa\f1l
B cpy6.
xpaHeHH5ł
K,lancil.
nO.lbwe
l\olop<!JonOfflYCCKOM
THn
COB\leCTHoro
K,leTei1,
H nOMeweHfli1
ynO\I~HYTbIX
CB5ł1aHHblC
BOCTO'lHO-eBponeticKHH
TeppIlTOpH~X
TaK Ha1bIBae.\lbIX
1l0\leWeHHH
KOTOpbIC,
B
YTO
Ha C,laB~HCKIIX
n.laHI1pOll-
onelICIbl
-
nOna,Ja1OTC5ł ewe
OTfrOWeHIIH
CO
cnopa.JI1'
CKaHnHHaBCKI1\HI
21, 22), a TaKJKC HOBblC KaMCHHblC a:Vl6apbl.
5łB:J~IOTC5ł naJIbHetiwH\\
nponO:IJKeHlle\1
pa1BHnl~
aM6apOB
YKa3blBal<JT
IIa
K pa3HblM
KOpH~M
H1 Ill-IX, npHHan.1CJKaWIIX
CTpaHCHI1i1 H 'lacToro
ynoTpc6JTeHfI~
a
11 pOllCTBeHHble
l'IMeIłHO:
"spichrz"
fi
pO)lCTBeHHble
COnOCTalJJleHl1e
OTIIOCilW1IXC5ł
,lpyn1x
a
IICYe3HOBCHH~ aM6apa
IJ XpOHOJlOrlol'leCKOM
HaH60.nee
apxeOJTOn1f1
i1n>J 3epHa,
;Iapll
KOHl1'leCKOH
Mepe, o6yc,10BJleHbl
MCCTOnOJlOJKeHI15ł. <!JYI-lKUl15ł. )TlIX
IICKJllO'lIITC,lbIIO
B
nepll0)l
X03~HCTBa.
xpaHCHloIeM
paHHero
He60.1bWlle
IICKaTb
HOBblX
xpaHeHlle
<!J0P\1,
CIl5ł3aHHble
B cpy6
B.ll1~JIa
Ha
pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
TblBaKJT
lOiKl1YIO
.1106.1I1HCKllti
(B
60nee
\Ja.leHbKllX
"
"COJl)K"
Óhl rb
THna
a B X-XIV
C(:>YHK1Jl1l13TllX
C'lHTaTb,
oT06paJKeHHe
nOCTCnel1HOrO
no
)TOT
npouecc
CJlaB5łHCKIlX
<POpMbl
-
3eMej1b,
Koum
no
CBII-
6blJIIl
5ł;\lbl
(spichrze
CTapblX
koszowe).
<POpM
"a"16apOB"
xpaHeHH5ł
XpaHeHI15ł
a:v\6ap
non,
BeKOB,
BCJle)lCTIJHe
CKJlaUbl 3epHa,
Bccro
ypoJKa~.
KOTOpblC
C JlapbKO:VI).
Ha
3epHa,
OTHoweHHH
KaKHMl1 6bl:nl
CTpoeIIHA.
cyxoe
nByx
Hml
'leTblpex
II
aM6ap,
npl1
TaKOM
CTO,1611Kax.
,,;KI1THlIUd-i.",
non
ewe
.~-
-
ccrOLlH~
HalblBae\lblX
"K.leTb"
e.:JIIHCTBeIlHO xpallCHIIC.\1
110OXBa-
CJlaB51HCKIIX 3e.\1C;lb (B I1o;lbwe
a'16apYIIKOB,
orpaHI1'lIlBa:JaCf>
"COH-
1J,11'I~HHe\!
XpaHI1JT11W 3epHa)
KOTOpblX
-
--
3epHa,
<pyHKUHIO cnanMlorO
In
'Jero
BbIBO)l,
TOJTKOBaHl111ero
'IaCTlI
H CCBepo-
CTpoeHHe,
nO\1eweHHll
HMelOlllee.
11 K;la.nOBoH
cBoero
H "lamus"
HOBall
B KpynHblx
X0311ticTBax,
BpeM5ł
KaK
KpeCTbllHCTBO
-
-
HCMeUKoro
aM6apa
06beKTOB.
(MeJTKOe )lBOp5łHCTBO,
C TPOtiHOH <!JYHKl\J1eHHe HallleJl
npHMeHeHI15ł
Ha noti.
TeppHTopHI1
ynOM5łHyToro
KpeCTb5łHe),
CTapblMI!
B TO
MCTO,1\aMI1
B npOMeJKyTo'l-
CneUH<pH'leCKHi1
xapaKTCp
CJ1JTC3CKOH
Teppl1TOplH1
HC HaWeJI npl1MeHCHHiI
I10JTbWH.
1-1;111
CJlOBaUKOro -
nocnenHero,
Ero
BH)l
yKpenneHHblX
KOHCTpyKUll5ł
B cpy6,
6bl.1 npl1YI1HOH TOro,
B TaKHX <popMax
npll
BCTpe'łe
C nlllOM
nJTeTeHblM J106J1eflJTeHHb1M rJTI1Holl -
CHJlbHblX Kynonoo6pa3HbIX
'ITO H TaM
KaK Ha OCTaJlbHOH TeppJ1-
nOCTpOCK B cpy6
aM6apa
CTapO-CI1J1e3-
npHH5łJla, nOll BJII1~HHeM
11 np'106peJla
xapaKTep
nyHKTOB.
3KOHO:V1l1'lCCKOe pa3BIITlle
'ITO CYlllecTBylOwHe
lOUJl1e HM KOWI{
.x03~HcTBax,
x:re6Hble
11 ~Mbl,
np06Jlc\Ta
nO.%CKoti
ai\16aphl
nepeBHII
CTaporo
CJlHlllKO.\'1 Ma,lbI,
.xpaHeHHlI
3epHa
pa3\1epOB,
J11L"nJW3epHa,
OLleJKHbI 11.JKHJlOrO nO~leWeHII5ł,
K.lanOBail
He~lellKO"\
_.
nO\leWeHlle,
BeKax
TaK;Ke
cnpaBI1TbC5ł
C 3aUayei1.
6,larOllap5ł
Bblwe
a B Ma.lblX
rrpHBeJlO KTOMY,
KaK H npe,llWecTBy-
B 60nbwllx
npflMeHeHl110
aM6a-
TPOHHYlO <pyHKUl-IIO, T. e. xpaero
ponb
Ha'lana
KOTOpOC pacnpOCTpaHIl.lOCb
B
nO.lblllC
X01~HCTBax
nocpe.nCTBe.
I1pll\leHeHlle
B KPCCTb5łHCKO.\1CTpOIlTe.lbCTBe
B
a\16apbJ
nO.lbIUC
CTa.ll1,
pcweHa
H:VlelOllll1X KaK onHcaHO
HOBoe
B XIV-XV
nllla
'IT06bl
6bLla
pOB 60JlbWHX
IICnOJlHilTb
0,1\-
BHnOH3MeHHnHCb
(nOXOJKHe Ha aM6ap),
H HOBblC npH3HaKfl.
TOpHI!
MaJloH
paifOHa.
BblcTynaBwlle
"K,leTH"
CKoro
)laHHOro
<pOpMbl XpaHl1mllll,
CTapbIe
...•
Ha 3THX
npHMeHCHHe
CTpOeHH5ł CTapble
flMelOLUI1H
THn,
TOJKe HOBblH aM6ap
..•..
HaWJTa
B ceBcpHOH 'łaCTH
B,ll!~Hl1eM
_._-_.~---_"-_
rocnon,CTBOBaJlO
3epHa.
aM6apa
leplla.
Teppl1TOBJlH~HJ15łM
O)lHaKO,
HeKOTopble
nOJIb10BaTbC5ł
3TI1M
rnc
OHa
HaKO non
lillie
npoI1CXOJK~eHHij,
HC'Ie1JlI1 Ha
He Bbl3Bana,
B CB~1J1 C 3KOHOMJ1'1eCKO-X0311ifcTBeHHoi1 CTPYKTypOH
fi pH
npll-
BCJTenCTBHe pacnpOCTpaHeHH5ł
nO.lbWI1
HblH
11J111
-
B BOCTO'łHOH repMaHCKO-
a TaKJKe B palloHax,
nponOJlJKaJlO
i),15ł
1l0JlJKCH 6bUT npOHc-
nOJTOJKet{HiI cKopeH
CTapblX
BCCn
CJ1aBllHcKHti
nO,lOCbl
XpaHHJlI1111a AJT5ł 3epHa
<jJopMa
I1C'łe3HOBeHl15ł
npouecc
BepOllTHa.
BCJlI1Kail DOJlbllla),
nOJlHOrO
nOT
BblllleOfll1CaHHbrti
nocpCllCTBC
60Jlee
CTapble
Ha
npe,llHa3Ha'leHHblX
nOrpaHHYHoi1
reorpaqll1'leCKOrO
X03i1łicTBO.
MeJlKOe
.1lOLleti,
He\1eUKOM
<!JyHKUHlO, B01HI1K no
fJOCTpOeK,
npOHCXO;KneHHiI
TOJlbKO
xpaHeHI15ł
HIlX
"spichrz"
<pyHKulleH
(l1oMopbe,
cpenHe-noMew,l1'łbe
TeppHTOpl1~X
TpOHHylO
repMaHcKo-c.laB5łHCKoti
Ha3BaHI111
BBH,lIy
nO~BepraJlI1Cb
B
'ITO BTOpa5ł rMnOTe3a
CTpOeHH5ł C TpOHHOH
KOTopble
fl."leIOWI1H
11 npe6blBaHI111
C.1<IB5łHCKOHnOJloce.
1e'LIII.
(kl~ć)
ll.l~
HI1Ma5ł YTO OH npOHCXO)l11JT npM
YHo6HOC
HO\lI1KII
BeKax Bep05łTHO OXBaTbIBa.1H Bce C.laB~HCKlle
JIOMI!KOB
(~oleklo
6bl
CXOJKa5ł C aM6apO.\1
CTOYHylO 'laCTb
5łMbl It KOlllll,
OKa3aJTIlCb Ma:lbIC
Ha3blBaeMoro
rpaHHUbl
<POP\!
B CB5ł311C 3TI1M, HyJKHO 6bUO
06e3ne'łflJIII
nO\1eU.leHI15łMIl
H1MeHeHI1i1
ellle
Bn115łHHC'Iol ceBepo-repMaHCKIIX
OLIeJKLIbl
3epHoBoti
CTPYKTypoti
OrpaHH'ł11BaJJaCb
3epHa,
BC;le.nCTlJlle 3anaLlHblX
1136e.
Bep05łTHOCTH
THn
)lJl5ł XpaHeHH51 3epHa,
n03L1H1111nepl·IOIJ. cpy6JleHHblX
H UeHTpaJlbHO-B
patioH).
Ha
npfl'JfIH
rCOJlOffl'leCKo-reorpa<pl1yeCKOH
xpaHII.lllwa
B KOHCTPYKUl10HHOM
nOCTpOHKH
.\lo",eT
rrOMeweHIUI
<!J0p\1a c.laB~HCKOH)
CCKO\1" (sąsiek),
H
ynoM~HYTblX
X~-Xll
B TC'lel111e 1Wvlb!. TaKI1MIl
(reHenl'leCKII
'OJTa CTapall
n.l~
KapT.
paCl1pOCTpaHeHlIC
3epHa.
<jJco,llaJlW)\la
KOllCTPYKTl1BHblX
3cpHa
a\16apHKll
npl1
Cpy6neHHblH
06pa30M:
rrpHMI-ITHBHbIX
II HenpaKTH'leCKHe
He .\IOL1H yJKC rO;IHTbC~
CJIe)lyeT
nOMeweHHH
pacnpocTpaHeHI1~
Ha
1101BOJl~IOT
CJle,llYlOlllHM
11 flCTOpl111 n ..15ł 3ananHblx
rpalJlolUbl
-lepl1a, 6b1JlIol, B r.laBHOrl
liX
K.leTb
pH~X,
C pe3YJlbTaTaMH
YKa3bIBalOlllllX
I1CCne)lOBaHH5ł,
qJOpMaMI1
H "komora",
13-16), OCHOBbIBa~Cb Ha JlI1TepaType.
Hp
npOTeKaJl
11 BMeCTI1JlHWa
leorpa<!JHyeCKHC
BblCTynJlCHI15ł aM6apa
TaKJKe KapT,
Ha TCppl1TOp1l11 I10JlbWI1,
HeTCJlbCTBy
CTaTbC,
11 po,n,CTBeHHblC Ha1BaHI1H:
-
B03HHKaHI111, pa1BHTl15ł
OTHOWeHHI1
pacnpo-
B HaCT05łWei1
"lamus"
reHCTltyeCKI1C
np1lMI1Tl1BHbIMI1
I1X WHpOKoro
nO)lp06HO
"solek",
(KapTbl
npouecca
BcJlenCTBl1e
60IIce
WCCTb
"świreń"
KapTb!
<popMe
Mop<jJonorllcH.
.,sy/ck"
a
flp0l11BeLIeHHble
CB5ł1b C IlX
Ha1Bal1f15ł;
nlllOJlOrl1l1,
3epHa
~3blKa
onHcaHbl
Ha3BaJIHH;
xpaHCHH5ł
B )lHHaMI1'leCKOH
HeKoTopylO
pe1YJlbTaTOB
K cro
cnoc060B
TaKJKe
<!JYHKUHI1xpaHeHH5ł
XOlllI Tb B ceBepHoH
Ha1BaHH5ł
.,sypanicc"
KpO.\le
B nO.lbwe,
Lm~ 3epHa: cpy6.1eHHoe
nBa pOLIa nO\1ellleHIIH
IJ..l~ XpaHeHI111 OneJKIJ.bl; B 60.1ee n03nHI111 nepHOLI n051B.l~eTC~ BTOpOH po.n nO:VlellleHHH -
nCpCB~H-
HblX <pOpM.
BeKax pacnpOCTpaH~JOTC5ł
3anaIJ.HblX Bm1~Hfli1.
llBO~Koe
B.111~HHe:
K,lallOBOH
OK'13a.10 Ha cywecTBylO-
(fiS
679
1. TIp:'IBe"O
CKoro
paHOHa
"K.leTH",
nO'lTH
Ha BCCHTeppHTopHH
H CH.lelfIH)
KOTopble
(la
HCK;l/{)'leHHC~l
K 1l0CT<.:nCHHO~IYHC'le3HOBaHHIO
BCTpe'ła.lflCb
nOBce~lecnlO
no
CCBepHOH 'łaCHI
XpaHH,JlHLU n:UI
BpeMeHH
nOilB.leHHil
Jh06m1H-
Ce!lbCKOXOlilHeTBeHHbIX
K,laUOBbIX
B ~la-
3e~WHX
nOcTeneHHo
HH"lHwa
OrpaIlH'lH.10
lIalHa'leHl1e
XpaHI1.1HW C TpOHHOli
XO"l5!HCTBaX, K:lallOBail
O.'lelKllbT,
He
B.1H5!H. 0.'lH3KO.
nepeHil.la
oc06eHHO
pO:lb
Ha
;KH.loro
npouccc
¢YHKIIHei1,
BbICTy-
nO~lCLUeHIHI II xpa-
I1C'lC"lHOBaHHil
ca,"'oro
XV-XVIII
nOilB:I5lI0TCil
BCKax,
HapiłJlY
B 1J,eHTpa:lbHOil
eHHbIe
I1ml
HaMI1,
Ha"lblBaCMblMI1
C K:lanOBbIYIH
H BOCTowoa
COCTaBJlillOWHC em1Hoe
"spichlerz"
B KOMn.leKCC
TIO:lbWe
uenoc
B
cywecTBylOwl1X
Ha BTOpylO
)l(l1nyKl
He HaX011ilf.
Ha
ilBn5lKlTCiI
KOMHaTY.
aM6apbl
li
nOMcw:eHI1i1MH
TeppHTOpHI1
BCTpeYalOTCH
¢OpM
bOJlee
BpeMeHI1,
Korna
XpaHeHl1il
xpaHeHII51
nOll
aM6apa
KJlall.OBail,
nOCTcneHHO
HanpaBJlCHI1H.
11 KJ1anoBoi1
BblMonOToro
BilHHHl1eM
3ana11Horo
npl1MCHellfl51
B 1136ax, OHfI oc06eHHoro
fIOJlbWH,
lepHa,
Wl1pOKOrO
x;le6a
60Jlee
flJlH
K3MCHHoro
KaKH M
KJla)lOBOH
:noro
3epna,
ilBJ1i1KllllI1XCH
Tl1na
KaKI1~111
110 KOHlla
XVIII
TIpOllCCC
CHa'laila
BCKa, T. c.
:nOT
C HHM
aM6ap,
a
pa"lBHBaeTCH
rYMHa,
C rJlHH5IHblM
KapTa
2
lLb[X ¢OpM
Ha
rYMCH,
TOKy
aM6apa.
H
HOBoro
Ha
nOTOM
nall.HbIX
[YMHA
B nOJIbCKOM
HAPO.llHOM
CTPOl1TEJIbCTBE
B XIX
M XX
:Ha
CO CTOpOHbl
ryMcH
H3 )((ep,nCH Ha)]
-
Hp
aHaJll13
HeKOTopblX
npl13HaKoB)
KpOM",
Pe310Me
Tenepb
1J,e.'b HacToHwea
np06JleMbl,
K,'laTYPOH
ilOToro
CTaTbH
npCllCTaBHTb
Q>opMe HeKOTopble
siek",
CBH3aHHble C Q>OpMOH, Q>yHKllHew, KOHCTPYKlI,l1CH I{ ll.l1aileKTIł'lCCKOH: HOMeH-
pOMy
nOCTpOHKH, CJly)((aweH
xile6a,
COilOMbl
11 ceHa.
51B;15IIOTCH
Teppl1TOpl1anbHblc
ro
3THOrpa¢H'leCKOrO
B KpeCTbilHCKOM
MaTepHaJ1bHOH
Ha
B nepol11l
MaTepI1aJlOM
'lTO
nepOilTHO
6a30a
1954-1960
ll.nH
ll.JlH XpaHCHI15I Hc06MOonHcblBaeMoH
paCKonOK
ylKC B ncpHOll
Hay'£HblX
(HOp,
paHHero
np06JleMbl
LlOCTpoeHbl
TIoCJlCllHilil
TOpl1H
TIOJlbWI1
CJlell.yeT,
'lTO
336 ,ll,epCBIDIX nOCToilHHoi1
cTynalOT
Tenepb
crry'laHX
KapTorpaMMbl
D ropoll.C
rHe3HO)
cpeilHCBeKOBbil
MO)KI{Q KOH-
nO!lbCKOe
HaCCJle-
Ha
n03)((e
11 CTpoeHHaH
3cpHa
Ha
'ITO
Hp
3,
rJlHHHHOM
Ha ceBepO-3a-
CBo,nKa TeppHTOpl1aJlb-
nmOTe3a,
'lTO
ryMHo
(lleHTpaJIbHble
B03HI1KnO
11 ceBepO-BOCTO'£Hble
Ha3BaHH5I, CBil3aHHb[e
na3BaHI151 "zapole",
KOr)]a
C ryMHoM.
MH-
03HaqalOw:ee
,,3a-
TO 3Ha'llUCJlbHO
60JlbUlYlO
npOHHKHOBeHHeM 60nee
TaKI1e
Ha3BaHI1il
Teppl{-
HOBoro,
Hati60Jlee
3aKpOMOB
KaK "są-
TOKa, K KOTO-
(sąsieki).
BblcTynJleHHe
B ryMHax.
CKeJlCTHylO KOHCTpyKl(1I1O C 06U1lłBKOH
11r!lllHilHHail
CTpaHbl.
KpoMe
Ha nepeBilHHOM
C nepCK.llanllHaMI1
crpaHbl
Bl111HO [13 KapTb[
BblcTynJ1CHl1e Ha TeppHTOp1111 IIOilbUlI1
8, 9, 10 I{ II) HJlJlIOCTpHpyeT
TeppHTopHU
113 KOM6HHalllll1
11Jl51BceH TeppllTOpl1lł
HB,151IOTC5InpOll.O,1-
CBI1)lI1TeJlbCTBOBaTb o nepB06b[THOCTH
3aKpOMbl
I1MelOlllHe
11 nepCBHHHaH
11 LJCXOCJlO-
H3 nepBOHa'laJ1b-
'1aCTO I1CnOJlH5IeT ew:c ponb
KOHCTPYKlI,l1H CTeH 11 Q>0PM KpblUl
BceK
KOHCTpyKUHH KaMeHHail
rJlflHilHail
apXHBOB fi aHKeT.
rYMHa,
Ha-
B Y3KI1X CTeHax.
cywecTByeT
3alillMaJlO
KapT (Hp
pa3Hb[X
KaK
JTOM CBłI)leTeJlbCTBycT
pHaneKTH'lCCKHe
MoryT
6blJll1
rpynna
B
CTpOI1TenbCTBC TCHll.eHl(H5I nocTpolt-
Ha"lBaHI151 "sąsieki".
"strona"
n03)((e.
nO:lbWil
4 MOlKHO KOHCTaTHpOBaTb,
Hp
B llcpeBeHCKOM
TeppHTOpl1aJlbHb[M
pacnpOCTpaHeHHoro
nO~1
nepBOHaqa.'lbHbIX
CTOHw:ce OC06HRKOM,
MOlKeT,
CO,lOMbT I1 ceHa,
pacnpocTpaHeHHe
nOBII,nHMOMY,
"zapolc",
ll.n51COCTaBJlCHI151
TIOJlbCKO-
rO.ll.OB B
ilI1CTOB. B HeKOTopblX
H3 .'lI1TepaTypbl,
OCHOBaHl111apxconOrl1'1eCKHX
CTaTl1pOBaTb,
X03ilHCTBe
HccnCllOBaHI151, np0l13Be)leHHblC
ATJlaCa
CeTKI{ I1CCJ,ell.OBaHI1HHa OCHOBe onpOCHblX
6bT!ll1 nonO;lfrCHb[
B KapTOrpa¢l1'leCKoi1
In
5).
Hp
npepBaHO
6blTb
¢YHKUI1Kl.
n xaT C BXOllaMH
6 H 7 cOpep)((aT
KOTopoe,
TOpI1lO, a ceK'Iac
lOre
nJlaHe.
TOKOM II Hall. 3aKopMaMII
KapTy
I). Ha
npI1MblKaJOLUl1C
B03HI1Km[
rYMHO.
TCppI1TOpl1l1
11 KOTOpbIC,
B033peHI1e nOll.TBeplKll.aeT
HaKaTa
OjlHOH
KpOMC Q>YHKUI1I106MOJIOTa
JlI1TepaTYpc
3TO
Hp
3epl1a,
OBI1HOB), 51BJlHIOW:I1XC5I
onlloa
Y3KI1X CTeH. 06
:HHOrpa¢wlecKolt
KapTbl
KapTbI
3aMe'laeTCil
pacnpocTpaHeHl1il
CMOTpll
KpeCTbilHCKoro
3aKpOMa~lI1.
fi
B rOpJ130HTaJlbHOM
TepCCHO npocTpaHcTBenHoe
(3THorpaqm'leCKI1H.
BbICTynacT
BbICTynJ1eHI1C Ha
nocTpoi1Ka
'ITO
nO.lbCKI1 .
)((C OTll.eJlHKlLUI1C lKl1"OH
nOCTpOCHHbre 1aKpOMbI
HCBblMOJlOTOrO 3cpHa,
pai10Hbl
BEKAX
'lT0
nO.lbCKI1X
no
rY:'\.JHa B npelle.lax
nOCTpOWKC IUH
BCCH CTpaHbI
(B pone
OCHOBaHI1H aHailH3a
B
Ha
B033pemle,
l, "stodola"
( •.stadcI"
n.1H 06M0J10Ta
He Be3j1e HCnOJlHRJ10 OLlHHaKoBylo
Teppl1TOpl15lX
rY~IHa
rocno.1CTBYCT
HBJlilIOTC5I, BCpOilTHO,
CT05lWl1X OC06HilKOM
xpaHCHHR
KH BXOna
Horo
ryMcH
LUaJlaweti
BOCTOKe CTpaHbl
Ha
CKAP)J{l1HCKH
nonaraTb,
l1ilJ1locTpHpyeT
lKCHl1eM Kpyr.rJblX
HalBaHllH
TOKli
X01RHCTBCHHOH
TOKOM nn51 06MonOTa
Hp
.1HTcpaTypc
.10KamnaUHl1
LlliHRHbTC
Ha TCppHTOpl1l1
H3 )((I1.110rO)lOMa,
TOMAW
H.ll1
BaKHH nOJll1rOHa;1bHb1X
110
C CCBepo-
TO:lbKO
MOlKHO
BpeMil
rYMHO
OCHOBHblMfI
npO,ll.OJl)((aCT Ha6nlOll.aTbCH
MeHee
CTpOI1TCJlbCTBa, a BMeCTe
I1C'lC3aTb.
I1X
aM6ap
BJnI5lHH5I He 11MCIOT,
-
-
nOMe
xpaHcHlI51
HB.'lHeTCH '1Cpll.aK ilOMa,
HaqHHalOT
npl1'lI1H
nOMeWeHI1i1
OCHOBHblX B TOT nepl1011, ¢OpM
KJlanOBblC
nO'1T11 BceH
cnoc06a
(KJla110Ba5l),
npl1HuHny
C,lY:.KaWI1~fH ;],151 XpaHCHI1R
np0l1CXO)((11eHHe
CBCT Ha npOI1CXQ;KllCHI1C 'HOW nOCTpOHKll (KapTa
OT X03ilHCTBeHHOW nOCTpOH.KH. OHH
CT05lw:ec
X0351HCTD, I1MeBWHX paHbwe
HC BbIHCHeHO, B
no
CTpaHbl
npHCTpo-
nOCTpOHKaMH,
OJlHaKO,
npOI1CXO:.K;]CHI{H, BBHlIy ero
MO;KeT npOJlI1Tb
I1m1 ryM-
1IJ111 "komora"
cwe
llH¢¢CpcllullaUllil
"lepHa,
(a\<16ap)
BblcTynneHl1e
,niUl
nnil
nO~leWClll1il
TeH11el1U115lX nepe11eJlKI1 HaXO;J,I1BWeHCiI npl1
HC'le3aHl1e,
COBMeCTHoe
:-K11.1bIX nO;'1ewełllli'i,
npo.:ryKTOB,
)lBOpa
C X03i1HCTBeHHbJ\<1f1nOCTpOHKaMI1
npl1MeHeHH5I c.le11yeT I1CKaTb B 06e11HeHI1l1 60:lbWHX
l1n1i
CHX flOp
K )((11]10:\-11'nOMy
06beKTa.
B
)lO
OHO HCMellKoro
naKlLUHX B KpynHblx
KaKI1~111TO oc06eHt{bl~IH
THna
.1bTX X03ilHCTBax,
2,
HHC nOJlb30B3.10Cb
3epHa
MelKll.Y
ll.OCOK 11 KaMeHHblX
Toro,
Ha
M3
Ha Teppl1JTI1X KapT
113 )lOCOK Bbl-
3ana,ll,e
BblcTynaeT
CKeJleTe, B l(CHTpaJlbHOH
TIOJlbUlC
yrJlOBblMH
nJlCTeHaH
CTOJl60B.
5lB!1ileTCil LlByxcKaTHa51 KpblLlla,
cTon6aMII,
Bce06waH
¢opMa
KpblWI1
a 'leTblpeXCKaTHa5l
Kpblwa
G81
H:-leeT TeppHrOpl1a,lbHOe
paCnpOCTpaHeHHe,
lIlIII eTeH (fOrO-BOCTOK). B 06wei1
nO'lTH TO:-KLleCTBeHHOep)'6Hoi1
KOHCTpyK-
C.10:-KHOCTII,B rY:-1Hax, TUKn<e KaK H B n<I1JlbIXnOCvle-
weHIUIX, C)'WCCTByCT TeHJeHUlUI y.vleHbWeIlJ111 BbICOTbl KpblWII II YBC.ll1'lCHllll BblCOTbl
'leCKOrO X0311HCTBa Bb13Ba.la
np0J13BOLHlTCnbHbIMH B pa60Tc
CTeH, O 'ICCvly6eilJ1Te.lbHO CBI1L1CTe.lbCTBYCT
pacnpOCTpaHCHI'IC HOBoro llB.leHHll, T. CCTb
BblCOKIIX rY'leH
C HH3K0i1 L1ByxcKaTHOH KpblweH.
;lowan}!,
onHaKO,
BO.10B. CHa'la,la
npelle.la\ll1
nepeBHH
XIX
nYLlJ10
nepeHll.lH
poraToro
CKOT
B KALJECTBE
YI1PJDKHblX
X03J1I/J.CTBAX
11 B nEPBOI/J.
B I10JlbWE
nOJlOBI1HE
XX
B XIX
He6naronpH~THblX
l'ICrJOJlb30Baml
6-=KE
n,llI
OLlHaKO, 3anpllranH
BEKA
3KOHOCvlI1'leCKIlXycnoBH~x
ce.ąbcKoX03~ikTBeHHbTx
ABTOp HaCTOllUJ,ero TpYlla 3aHIIMaeTCil BonpOCOM TlIroBoi1 CHJlbl B KpeCTblll-lCKI1X
XO'JllMCTBaxB Te'leHHe OKOllO 100 neT (1860-1954).
Ero
HblM 06pa30M,
co6paHHOM
Ha :HHOrpa<jJH'lecKoM
HblX lICCJIellOBaHHR, np0J13BelleHHblX
0953-1954).3THorpacjJlI'leCKHM
CKHXnyHKTOB CCTH IlollbcKoro
O::IHOpOAHoro onpOCHoro
np06I1eMy
MaTepHaJle,
Han
MaTepHaJl
np06JleMOH
c06paH
3nlOrpa<jJll'leCKOro
nyTeM
TeppllTOpHaJlb-
3eMneLleJII111 H CKOTOBonCTBa
C 336 nOCTOllHHblX HccnenOBaTCJlbATrraca
H 6bIn nony'leH
I1HCTa. 3TO n03BO,1HJlO CpaBHliTb
MaTeplIaIl
Ha OCHOBaHHH
II pa3pa60TaTb
MeTOAOM )THOrpacjJl1'leCKoit KapTorpa<jJHI1.
OCHOBHOH TllrOBoll
ClInOM cOBpeMeHHblx
wanH,
KOTopble pacnpOCTpaHHJlHCb
B X1X
BeKe H B nOJIOBHHe XX
.nepeBHe cpaBHHTenbHO
HellaBHO, H60
BeKa. TpaAH.llIIOHHOM TllI'OBOH' CIUlOH HawHX 3e-'1eIlb
BOllhI. (KopoB
HCKnlO'll-lTellbHO B HenpellBI1r:\eHHblx
06CTOllTenbCTBax,
nnll )Tol:! lIenH 6palll1 B nOJlbWe
HCKllfO'IeHI1C COCTaBlllIeT BepXHHll
T. C. B ncpHOn
CI11le31I1l li
rLle npHMeHeHI1e KOpOB L11l11cenbCKOX03llH'CTBeHHbIX pa60T
BOHH 11 CTH-
'laCTb
BenJ1KOH'
6bInO
cneLlCT-
3aMCHbl BonOB B cenbCKOX0311ikTBeHHbIX pa60Tax
:-ICllneHHO, C HeOllHHaKoBoit
CHnoil Ha Bceit TepplHopHH
HOCThlO ewe
OCHOBHall npl1'lHHa
rJpouccca
He 3aKOH'leH.
llelKHT B 3KOHOMH'IeCKOHCTpyKType
.10wanbMH
CTpaHbl (KapTbl
npOTeKaJl
1,3)
H nOll-
HCOLlHHaKOBoro npOTeKaHHll
)Toro
nOJlbCKI1X 3eMeJlb,
$lBllllfOIllileHClI cllen-
CTBHCM3KOHOMH'leCKOHnOnHTHKl-l 'JaXBaTHH'IeCKHXrOCYLlapCTB(ocB060;.KnelHle
B 'laCHI,
3aXBa'leHHOH npYCCHeH 6blll0
ABCTpllll B 1857 rony,
KpeCTbllH
OKOH'leHO B 1865 r., B 'laCTH nOLI BJlaLlbl'leCTBOM
a Jl 'IaCTl-l pyCCKOH B 1880 r.). JhIKBHLIaUl151<jJeOJla.1bHoro yKllalla
B nepeBHe 3Ha'lHTC.lbHO yCKOpH:la npouecc
CKOTa L1.llI 'JeMJlenellb'leCKHX
pa60T.
l-lC'Ie3HOBCHH5T
06bI'laH
napbI
nO_lhWH
(Kap-
(BOHHbl, CTI1XI1HHbIC6eLlCTBI111)
KOpOBbI (KapTa
2).
Yawe
Bcero,
,ąowaLlb C KOpOBOi-iJ1Dli 1l0WaLlb
I). He06xoLlHMOCTb 3anpllraHI111 nnlI cenbCKO-
lKl1BOTHblXBbITeKalla
113 Toro,
'ITO Tpanl1Ul10HHO npl1Me-
BeKa naXOTHblC OPYLlHll -
OXOTHee Bcero
KpeCTbllHe npHMeHllllH
T. e. COXI1H pana,
L1nll ce;lbCKOX0311HCTBeHHbIXpa60T
UHOHHblMH naXOTHbTMI1 0PYI1J1llMI1 KpynHblH
poraTblit
6blllH
6),
a
laKJKe
TpaAH-
CKOT (cepOM MaCTJ1) 113 CTeneM
MOIlJlaBHH H 4epBOHHOH PYCH, O pa3BeLlcHHH KOTOporo
.lHUHH (KapTa
COXpaHHlll1Cb HapOLlHble Tpa-
CKOT H3 HH3MeHI-IOCTI1H rop,
nOJlbCKOM paCbT (pbTJKei1:
MaCTII).
BOJlbI B Ka'leCTBe THrOBbIX JKHBOTHbIX(pa3BOlll1nH
\W'IHbTX lKHBOTHbIX)Aonbwe
Bcero
HX TaKlKe B Ka'lCCTBe OTKOp-
COXpaHI11lHCb B nOMeWI1'lbHX ycaLlb6ax,
a B LIe-
B KpyrJHblX II MenKlIX X0311H'CTBaX(aBTOp He npHHHMaeT BO BHHMaHl1e 6e3-
'Je.\lCJlbHbIX KpeCTbllH, nilll
KOTOpbIX 1l0Wallł> 6bI.la
'laCTO OCHOBOH cYl.1\ecTBOBaHJ.lll).
B KpyIlHbIX X031IHCTBax, TaKlKe KaK J1 B nOMCweH'lbHX
Óo.lbll1J1e nacT6Hwa
CTBeHHblX pa60T,
notlHblx
6bIJ1H LlOCTaTO'lHO
KOpOB BblCOKoro Ka'leCTBa 11 JlOWaLleit jlnll
6bTCTporo,
ry-
nllll MeilKHXKpeCTbHHcKHXX03llllCTB, C MHHJ1MaJlbHbIMlIHlnJ1WKaMI1
3e~l;]ellcJlb'JeCKJ1X nn0l10B
X0311McTBa ll-IMOli
ycajlb6ax
L11l11npOKOpMJIeHHll BOIlOB, I1cnOllb'JblBaeMbIX AJlll CeJIbCKOX0311H:-
:-KeBOrOTpaHcnopTa.
-
naJKe
cOl1epJKaTb 1l0WaLlb 6blJlO nonpocTy
H36aBIIlllll1Cb
B03CvlO;.KHOCTbBblro.aHoH
Cnellyer
OT
BOIlOB. He
HeBO'JMOA<HO.TaKHe
11Mell L1,11I HHX JlOCTaTO'lHO
pa3BellCHHe KpylllłOro
C.le II -'!HPOBOM BOHHbl 11cnonh30BaHHe,
::IeJlb'leCKHX pa60T
nOJlbIIJH,
rne
lleHlle JlOWallll
npollan<H
C060B
(KapTa
CKOla L11l1IHyJKII TlIrH. Ilo·
poraToro
CKOTa L11l113eMJIe-
reorpa<jJH'leCKHC ycnoBHll
J1CKJlfO'la:1H X0311H'CTBCHHoenpHCvle-
I H 3).
J1 IHlTeHCJ1<jJHKauHllCeJlbCKOrO X03HHCTBa B Te'leHHC noc;leLlHIIX
cnoc06cTByfOT
o6pa60TKI!
pora Toro
KaK nepeJKIHOK,
6bInO KOHcTaTHpoBaHo ellHHCTBeHHOB rOpCKI1X MeCTHOCTllXfQlKHOi1
Tpy.aHble
MexaHH3aUl1ll
,leT B I10nbwe
paCTJneJlb-
C'lI1TaTb, 'ITO B nepHOll MeJKI1YL1ByMllnOCllelllHlMH BOHHar-1I16bInO nO'lTH
COBepIIJCHHO 3a6poWCHO
npHMeHeHJ1ll pora Toro
HblX II ;.K11BOTflbIX
npOJlyKTOB B CB1l311C pa3BI1HleM BI1YTpeHllero pbIHKa II KanHTam1CTH-
-,~
TeppHTopHH
rjJypa;.Ka.
BHeM KpeCTbHHCKoro 3KOHOMH'leCKOrO paC'IeTa).
Ilpouecc
BTOpOH nO.l0BHbl
KpeCTbllHCKliC 1l0Waml
TlllKeJJbl.
peBH~x -
KpecTbllHCKJ1X X0311HCTBllBJlllfOTClI 110-
B nonbcKoit
6bJJ1 pOraTbIM CKOT, rnaBHbIM 06pa30M,
nOllhWH,
paccYlKj1eHHll: OCHOBaHbI, rnaB-
pa60T
L11l11
ce,'bcKoX0311HcTBeHHblx pa60T
C BonOM (KapTa 2, nKL I J1 KapTa 4, nn.
O'lCllb
no
C006WCI-IHll 3a
iJ,CpeBHI1 npliMeHllJ1l1
CKOTaLl,'11 TllrH nOBce'1eCTHO no
HlleMble L10 nepBOH nOIlOBI1Hbl XX
XHHHblX 6enCTBHH.
3a npeJe.laMII
2).
4, nn.
X03$lHCTBCHHblXpa60T
ny
co06weHHll
BeKa, a TaK;.Ke BO BpeMll nepBOH ~1I1POBOi1BOHHbJ, Korna
B
)l(I1BOTHbIX
X0311HCTBeHHble <jJyHKUI1H
HCK,lfO'II1Te.lbHO lUlI
nonO.1Hll_111HenOCTaTOK B apMHllX, nepenBHrafOWllXCll
B KPECTb~HCKI1X
BncpBble
Bce yno:-lllH)'Tble
ynoTpe6.l11.111 no'! Hl
(Kap Ta 5). n.lll
Ta 2, rJKT. 2, KapTa
pOrATb11/J.
BO_lbl, 6bL'lH BblTCCHeHbl 60.lee
.lowanbCvlH.
Ile cpa3)'
:rowanei1
'Janpll;.KCHlie J(pynHoro
KA3I1MEP)K
IIHTeHCIHIJi1KaWlfO KpCCTbllHCKI1XX(l'llli1CTB. neWeBble,
B CMblC.le CTOH~lOCTI1 cOLlepn<aHI111, HO _\le;l.leHHble
3e'!.1I!.
BblTeCHHeT TllrOBylO
OKOH'IaTe:lbHOH J1HKBllLIalll-l11nHX
MCXaHH'leCKalI CHila, 6y.ay'lll
CI1.1Y ;.KHBOTHbl;';.
ropauo
TparIHUHOHHblX cno60nec
3<jJ<jJeKTHBHOM,
68~
(;83
KP)J01WTO<1>
KBACbHEBCKVf
ConOCTaB.leHJ1e
TeppHTOpHK
,1eKTJ1'ICCKIJXHa3BaHflK,
3JlEMEHTbl
KPECTb5lHCKOrO
,[lBOPA,
B nOJlbWE.
B KOHUE
CB5I3AHHbIE
11 Kyp onpelle.'TI1JIO lleHTpa,1hHylO
CO CKOTOBO,Ll,CTBOM
Ha3blBae~!oro
XIX 11 B X X B. B.
Ue,'lblO HaCTOllluei:1 CTaTbfl llB.1HeTCH non biTKa perI10Ha;'lbHOrO
nOJIhWI.I,
onflpaHCh
lIa
06bl'laeB,
CBH3aHHhlX CO CKOTOBOnCTBO\1. ,[lITH :noro
aBTOp nOIIhl0BaIICll
LlaHllblX, c06pamlblX
Bceil nOJIbWH,
1I0BaHHll 11 y'lHTblBall
C TO'lKH 3peHHH KmIMaTa,
xapaKTepl1CTI1KY cpenbl
KapTorpa-
BO BpeMll TeppllTOpllaJIb-
IIblX 3THorpacjJH'IeCKlIX pa1BellOK Ha nJIOlllanfl
palKa
pa'wena
HCKOTOpblX .uUHHbIX, KacalOWflXCil TpanIIUJ10HHbIX lIapo.n;HblX
<pH'IeCIWH11CTaTHCTI1'1eCKOilpa1pa60TKoil
nOilblTOJKHB 3T1I HCCJIe3anaCOB <py-
11 HHTeHCI1BHOCTfl KJ1BOTHOBOLlCTBa.
OnHcaHbl
6h1IIJ1. TpaAIUlHOHHbre
(KapTa
TpaL\Hl.\HOHHOil rrocTpof\KI1
HlIKa, BHyTpH KOToporo
npe)].OCTaBIIeHHH JKHBOTHblM naCTflCh
I) H L\epJKaHHlI JKHBOTHbIXno)]. rOJIbIM He60M B cnc-
caMHM nOil rOJIhIM He60M (KapTa
l.\HaJJbHhIX orpallax
06bl'lall
2, B), 06pawalI
TaKJKe BlIlIMaHHe Ha I1HTepecHylO <pOpMy
KpeCThHHCKoro ABopa
B BJ1,!\e 3aMKHyToro
AepJKaJIH paHbWC CKOT (Kap Ta
3aHlIJlClI TaKHl\Hl peJIJ1KTaMH KaK 06bl'laił
'1eTblpexyrOJIh-
2, nKT. I, 2, 3). 3aTcM
aBTOp
L\epJKaHl1lI CKOTa H CBHHCf\ B JKI1JIOMnOMe-
weHI1H 1136bI (KapTa 3) 11B ceHllX J116bI (KapTa 4), a TaKJKe )lepJKaHf!R J:(oMawHeJ1 nTI1l.(bl
B H36e (KapTa
5). OnJ1CaHHhle 06bI'IaH
łf CTaniCTH'IeCKHX Ta6eJIeli,
OnJ1CaHHbIX KyJlhTypllblX
LJ:OBOJIhHOrroAP06HO
npCJ:(CTaBJIeHhl He TOJJhKO B <popMe KapT,
C y'łeTOM KOppenlll.(Hfl,
BblcTynalOweii:
B 06naCTH
6bIJIa
TaKJKe OCBell.(CHa <popMa
Cnel.(l1aJJbHblX nOMeweHHii
(KapTa
6) H H306paJKeHHble
pJ1cyHKax npH 06bllCHeHJ1H KapThI pa3IiOBI1LlHOCTH.3TH pa3HOBH)].Hocnl,
3peHHll J1X <popMaJIhHblX oc06eHlIocTeii:,
LJ:ocToilHbl BHlIMaHJ1.lITaKJKe napallnenbHble
KyllbTypHble
BCPHOii TIOJJblllll. nOCKOJlhKY <popMa rrOMeweHlłH
C JKHJlblM AOMOM BhlcTynaeT
JBOJIIOl.(lIH.
B1aHMOCBH3J1.
łOJKHOH H Ce-
.n;ml JKI1BOTHblXno)]. OLlHOMKpOBJleii
'łaCTO B HapO,!\HOM HeMel(KOM CTpOKTeJIbCTBe, aBTOp
npe)].CTaBKJI Ha OTAcnhHOH KapTe 7 ljlOpMbl, BCTpe'laCMMC B nOIIhWe
6JIHJKeHHblCK HeMeUKHM <popMaM (CM. nJIaHbl).
rpaHlIUM
He YKa3hlBalOT lIa KaKOe-JJJ160 CXOJK)].eHHeC rpaHHuaMfl
BCTpe'łaeMblX Ha Teppl1TOpKll
KpOMe Toro,
Ha
KaK C TO'IKH
TaK li C TO'łKH 3peHI111 rpaHl11..\ HX pacnpOCTpa-
HeHJ1lI llBJIllIOTCH, nOBHAHMOMY, AaJIbHeHWlIMlI 3BeHbllMłf npollcxoAHlllelt
Bcero
HO
BMwe-
<paKTOB.
)lJJll JKHBOTHblXno.n; O,!\HHM KpOBOM C JKHJIOii:lu60ii:
J1 HaH60JIee
npH-
pacnpOCTpaHeHf!j{
JTIłX <pOpM
pacnpOCTpaHeHI1ll
<POpM '1all.(C
TIOJlbUlll.
nO'lTJi BO Bceił nOJIbWe
6bWH H3AaBHa J13BeCTHbl oc06ble
nocTpoiłKI1
)].,lH JKHBOTHhIX,a B l.(eHTpaHbHoii: 30Re TIOJlbWI1 OHI1 BbIcTynalOT nO'lTJł 6e3 HCKJIIO'IeHf!j{. 3TH
<paKTbl llBJIlllOTCll ewe
nonbCKoro
HapOllHoro
TeJIhCTBOM, BonpeKH
YKe.
OIIHOM DpeAnOChJJ'1Kolt )1JllI npl13RaHf!j{ oc06eHIIOCTlI
CTpOIHeJIhCTBa no
HeKOTopblM
cpaBHeHHIO C HeMel.(KłI.M HapOLlHOM CTpOll-
yTBepJK)leRlIllM.
l..\eHTpa!lbHoro
nOJlY'lCHHhle
3THorpaqH1 'leCKI1K O'lepK
r.laBHoM
BblCKa3bIBaeMblM B HeMellKoil
HCKJIIO'IHTe;lhHOrO BbrcTynneHHll
onpeD,enlllOWflX
Ha-
30HY, CXOJKylO c
rOBopa
pC3y.'lhTaTbl
nO~leweHHll
(KapTa
Ba)f(HeKWHX lUla-
LI.lll CKOTa, JIOWalleK,
rpaHHlleK
CBflHeK
pacnpocTpaHCHl1ll
TaK
8).
CBI1D,eTenhcTByIOT B no.lb3Y
TeOplll1 O LIByXKOJICKHOM
pa3BJ1TI1I1 nOMeweHI1H
IlJHI JKI1BOTHhIXB nOJIbCKHX KpeCTbllHCKHXX01HHcTBax. B y60-
rl1x X03llHcTBax
D,peBHeH cjJop~lOlf 6bL"JO BepOilTHo D,epJKaHl1e JKI1BOTHblXCBO-
caMoK
60LlHO, BHe nOCTpoeK H orpan,
a B c.1Y'lae HaLl06HOCTI1 -
HblX X01HKCTBax Jlep)f(a.111 JKflBOTHbIX BepoilTHo
B JKI·L10MD,OMC.B 3aJKI1TO'l-
npeJKLlC B Cnelll1aIIbHblX
orpa)].ax,
a oc06eHHO BO LIBopax KpeCThilHCKHXyca)].e6, nOCTpoeHHblX B COMKHyTblii '1eTblpexyroIIhHHK. HeKOTopbIMH
KapnaT,
rlle
06pa30BaJIliCb
oc06eHHOCTllMIi
'1aCTO LlO CflX nop
OTJIH'raeTCll TpaD,Hl..\flOHHall naCThlpCKaH KynbTypa
COXpaHlIJlaCh cjJOpMU )].epJKaHJ111OBell B orpaLIUx,
li He
pa1BI1Thle BHLl0l11MeHeHI1ll npl1MI1TJ1BHolt cjJOpMbl nOMeweHHH JlJIll JKI1-
BOTHblX no.n; OLlHOi1Kpblweii
c JKI1JIblMAOMO:vr. Ha OCHOBaHI1HCXOJlCTBapll)].a OnI1CaH-
HblX npl11HaKOB BblJleneHO
B nOnbWe
HeCKonbKO 30H,
npe)lCTaBHllIODJHX II palHoR
CTeneHI1 Ko:vrnJIeKCbl TpanHUI10HHbIX cjJaKTOBHapO)].HoH KyIIbTypbl, CBHlaHHhIX C JKI1BOTHOBO.n;CTBO\1(KapTa
9).
IXDEKS
RZECZOWY
T. XLVII
"LUDU". *
A
B
Adoptowanie
postrzyżonego,
5.)
Alfabet Totha, 586
Ambar, spichlerz,
296, 317, 323, 337,
Badania
etnograficzne
franc. '182
-- -- PAE, 214
-- -- w Finlandii,
482
-- folklor. rosyjskie, 513
naukowe ZSRR, 472
..- norweskie,
483
_. nad specyfiką nar. świata, 503
-- po II wojnie św. 187
Badania
terenowe
P AE, 285, 4'lO
Barwienie
hubą brzozową, 532
Belemnit, 196
Betel do żucia, 31, 45
Bez czarny, 193, 196
Bóstwa lasu, 19
-- opiekul1cze, 20
Brony beleczkowe, 184
_. laskowe, 184, 199
Budownictwo,
166
-- drobnoszlacheckie,
369
-- Wsch. Syberii, 530
Bydlo, 420, 422
nazwy, 416
rogate, 415--439
siwe, 417, 433
trzymanie
pod gol~;m niebem.
350
Andaraka,
spódnica, 477
Anekumena,
202
Animizm, 18, 51, 576
Antropologia,
7
-- Anachoretczyków,
11
-- cechy Podhala n, 156
-- Polesia, 152
Apotropaion,
568
Aproksymacja
Wankego, 152, 162
Archaiczny
obszar, 225, 227
Areały
kulturowe
Polski, 181
Azoród, ażerod, prze płot y, 267
Atlas etnograficzny
Rosji, 475
kultury
ludowej
w Polsce, 17G,
193
Mały gwar, 287
-- Osterreichische
f.
Volkskund""
166
- Ower svensk Folkkultur,
16R
-- der schweizerischen
Volkskunde.
166
----
Srodkowej
Azji, 484, 524
Volkskunde
voor Nederland,
1'36
Etnograficzny
Polski p. P.A.E.
Der deutschen
VoJkskundc.
16G,
189,
233,
235,
Etnologiczny
Etnograficzny
280,
440
-- zanik. 417, 423,
Bylica, 193. 200
433
C
281
Jugosławii,
Kaukazu,
431,
554, 55G,
524
Caput
lana.
semitonsHm.
64
glowa
pól ogJ-
686
t>87
Centra uprawy
roślin, 211, 212
Cepy, 183
- ciężkie,
187, 190
- gązewkowe,
174
- kapicowe,
174, 179, 187
Ceramika
kaszubska,
614
- wielkopolska,
601
Ceremonia
pata kom e, 26
Czaszki ojców, 17
Czółno agomeskie,
28
- kanjeskie,
27
Chałupy
przysłupowe,
189
- wielkopolskie,
582
Chlew, 183, 187
Chłopstwo
kołchozowe,
504, 509
Chodzenie
z gałęzią,
189, 190
Choroby
umysłowe,
573
Chowaniec,
demon,
185
D
Dach czterookapowy,
298
- krokwiowy,
183, 296
- rozściełany,
174
- slegowy, 297
- stodół, 410, 411
Dachu
kształt,
296, 297
Danina,
powolowe,
poradlne,
419
Demony, boginka, mamuna, 184, 185
- domowik,
kraśnię
kobold,
196
- odmieniające
dzieci, 184
- planek,
189
- sibiela,
mamuna,
187
- sporzący,
domownik,
janczir,
180
- inkluz,
chowaniec,
178, 184
Domy Cejlonu,
501
- chłopców,
24
- pod zakazem, 24
- lądowe,
15
Dożynki
żniwne,
wieniec,
ogra bek,
196
Dualizm,
kult. 18
Dudy, koza, 187
Duha, 179, 183
Dyfuzja kulturowa,
181, 202, 544
Dynamika
zjawisk,
441
Dynarski
typ, 160
Dziedziczenia
system, 508
-- tytułu naczelnika,
17
Dzidy, 17-29
E
Elementy łużycko-czeskie,
Epos lVIelanezji, 496
- niemiecki,
516
190
Erntefest,
Erntekirmes,
189, 190
Etniczne
styki, 193
Etnografia
Armenii,
473
- chińska,
469, 470, 520--23
- francuska,
481, 571
- jugosłowiańska,
544-565
- narodów
Korni, 513
- radziecka,
529, 530
- Sowietskaja,
469-540
- Tiurków,
524
Etnograficzne
badania Kaukazu,
517
Etnografowie
Ameryki,
496
Etnologia,
577
- w Jugosławii,
544-560
-- rozwój,
51
Ekspedycja
chorezmijska,
504
- radziecka,
523
Ekspansja
uprawy
zbóż, 212
Etnogeneza
ludów nadamurskich,
485
- środkowej
Azji, 485
F
Fartuch
tylny, 30
Feudalizm
Afryki,
487
Fetyszyzm,
577
Folklorystyka
radziecka,
Fryzura,
26, 61
Fundamenty,
300, 301
Golenie nadczoła,
70
Gospodarstwa
chłopskie,
288, 415,
421
Gotowanie
pożywienia,
31
Góra w stodole, 396
Granica
antropologiczna,
154
Gramatyka
kanjeska,
34
Grażda pasterska,
446, 468
Grupy etniczne
chińskie,
469, 470
Grzebień
kanjeski,
27
Gwiazdy,
plejady,
babki,
sitko,
kurka,
kwoka,
176, 193
H
Hodowla,
165, 430
- bydła u Słowian,
418
- drobiu, 451
- zmiany,
441
Hodowlane
pomieszczenia,
466
455, 458,
Idee kolektywne.
58
Inicjacje,
51
Inkluz, 187
Inwentarz
dóbr biskupstwa,
585
Instytut
badań nad Gwineą, 579
- Bałtycki.
607, 608
- Etnografii
ZSRR, 471
- Franc;ais d'Afrique
Noire, 578
- Historii Kultury
Materialnej,
165
- Wschodniej
Afryki,
494
J
506, 512
Jama zbożowa,
313
Jarzmo kulowe, podgarlicowe,
430
Jęczmień
himalajski,
543
179,
K
Geneza górali
- postrzyżyn,
G
karpackich,
59
150
Kadzie
z drzewa,
Kagan,
bieg,
543
29
badur,
władyka
Kapelusz
z liści, 31
Kapłani
egipscy, 63
- kanjescy,
19
Karre,
taczki, 190
Kartografia
etnograficzna,
165-209
Kartogramy
etnograficzne,
166
Kiczka,
roga, strój głowy. 479
Kierunek
historyczny
\v etnografii,
166
Kijanki,
179
Kij grzechotkowy,
197
Kleć, 366
Klepisko,
sąsiek, zapole, 385
Klon, 196
Kłoda kanjeska,
bobón, 19
- dla przechowywania
zboża, 179
K.oczownicy,
491
- afrykańscy,
578
- hodowcy,
520
Kodeks
Hammurabiego,
67
Kołyska
biegunowa,
189
- koszałkowa,
189
Komitet
Slawistyczny
P AN, 170
Komora, 171, 187, 291, 456
Komunikacja,
166, 425, 429, 433
Konie w gospodarce
chłopskiej,
415,
431
Konstrukcja,
bitka, 403
- łątkowa,
295
- ryglowa,
295
- na sochy i ślemię, 408
-- szachulcowa,
404, 407
- ścian stodoły, 401, 404, 407
Kopa, kupa., koziol, mundeHk, lalka,
262
Kopice, 182, 232
- krzyżowe,
173
- pionowo-rzędowe,
258
- poziome, 173
__
krzyżowe,
232, 239, 243, 245,
kirg,
-
247
rzędowe,
252
689
688
Kopice trójczwórramienne,
2-1'2.
245
zabezpieczanie, 269, 271
żniwne, 233
Koppelwirtschaft,
kopta.
4'~4, 463
Kopy-stertki,
241
KoszG1ry karpackie, 444, 462
]{óUki,
koły, żerdzie, 239, 265, 267
Krowy jako siła pociągowa, 424, ,123
,Krzyca, krzewica,
ikrzyca,
Seca!'!
cereale,
hybernum
multicaule.
173, 182, 210, 230
Krzyć się, wykruszanie
ziarna. 218
Krzyżak, kopica krzyżowa, 248, ':i S l
Księżyc stary, 200
Kucza, 452
Kuit łabędzia, 497-498
-- niedźwiedzia,
537
- przodków, 18
Kultura Buriatów, 527
-- Chakasów, 541
d'Jchowa, 193, 184
-- F'u-Nan, 483
ludu rumuńskiego.
565-571
_. ludowa słoweńska, 560-56.~
.- śródziemnomorska,
49-149
.- ludowa wielkopolsko-kujavvska,
192, 580
-- l użycka, 179
-- :vIohenjo-Daro, 65
- pierwotna,
505
- puszczańska,
181
- rołnicza, 582
- tracka, 179
-- tradycyjna,
169
I<ur, 194
1<: Llrara Indian, 574
EsztG1lt wsi, 581
Kwestionariusze
etnograficzne.
1fi').
214
L
demon, 196, 200
Lc£end~' Pomorza. 607
Latalciec.
Ludy Nadbałtyckie,
- paleosyberyjskie,
-- tureckie. 542
1\1
naczelnik
anachor.
16
lI1agicyzm, 51, 52
lVIajenie strzech, 184
:\Ialarstwo ludowe, 600
:\Iałżeństwa kanjeskie, 20
- Tainilów, 502
"'lapy etnograficzne,
169, 578
l\lateriały
etnograficzne,
607
- syberyjskie,
540
- z lyka, 30
lVIatriarchat, 541
Mazowizmy
kulturowe,
196, 199
Mendel,
półkopek, kopa, 233, 246.
257
IYIetoda kartograficzna,
417
-- punktowa,
167
l\Tigracje podkarpackie,
150
lVlieszanka żyta, 182
lVIimus dorycki, 83
Młocarnie kieratovve, 174
- motorowe, 174
Mowa Anachoretczyków,
14, 32, 33
34
l\1usee de l'Hommc, 481
Muzeum w Banjaluce, 347
.- Belgradzie, 547
- eetinje, 547
- gdyńskie, 612
Lahore, 603
- Lubljanie, 547
- :\lazowsza Płockiego, 595
- Narodowe w Poznaniu. 596
- Narodów ZSRR, 472
- Sarajewie, 547
Skopju, 547
Trocadero. 481
Warszawie. 610
j'vIagep,
Splicie, 547
Zadarze, 547
534
507
N
Naczelnicy, 14-15, 16, 17
Naczynia drewniane,
27
Namioty Somalijczyków,
492
Narzędzia do orzechów, 29
- włóczne, 175
Nawiązania łużyckie, 189
- czeskosłowackie,
189
- czeskośródziemnomorskie,
191
- południowo-słowiańskie,
185
- słowacko-morawskie,
184
Nazwy księżyca, 189
- niedźwiedzia,
537
Nisza do oświetlania, 189
Nosa dziurawienie,
12, 22
Nosidła, 176
- drążkowe, nosiłki,
koromesla,
szelki,
kluki,
kulki,
176, 183
- nieckowate, pedy, szchani.e,
szuńdy,
176
Rok, 200
Obora,
183, 194-199
O
koszara,
kopla,
187
Obsydian, 43
Obrzęd oczyszczenia, 71
- postrzyżyn, 49
Obrzędowe golenie, 63
Obrzędy doroczne, 569
- ludowe, 565
-- pochówkowe, 7, 17
-- \veselne, 508--511
-- żniwne, dożynki, okrężne,
189, 199
Ochweśnicy olkuscy, 600
Ofiara włosów, 53, 65, 75
-- zastępcza, 50, 56
Okólnik,
okól,
Ta, zagroda,
obora.
.;~ -
XLVII
.,Lud",
t.
Oseledec,
445
gumno.
184,
kosz',:-
86
Oskoła, pleśniawki, 187
Ostrwie, 234, 239, 265
P
P._Ą.E., 165-209, 211, 214, 235, 285,
440
Pa1eoetnografia,
608
Pasterze wołoscy, 163
Pasterstwo wysokogórskie, 439
Pazdury,
Nowy
-
IJ. obrzędy żniwne
Opłakiwanie
zmarłego, 69
Ornament indyjski, 483
Osadnictwo Kurpiów, 200
- małopolskie, 181
- mazowieckie, 180, 181
- -- na Bukowinie, 565
-- niemieckie,
189
-- polskie, 180
-- wiełkopolskie,
195, 581
- wołoskie, 155, 567
Osadnicy, 446
Okrężne,
179
Peruka egipska, 66
Piece piekarskie,
175
Piekarnia,
447
Piwnice wnękowe, 183
- ziemiankowe,
sklepy,
173
Plastyka ludowa, 583
Plemiona wschodniosłowiańskie,
478
Pleśniawki,
skala, zaba, 186, 189
p'/onek, 190, 193
Płóciennictwo,
582
Pług koleśny, 182, 187
Podwaliny,
302
Pogrzeb kanjeski, 20, 21
Pokrzywa za strzechą, 180
Politeizm, 577
Poludnice,
demony, 183, 190
Pomieszczenia dla zwierząt, 440, 453,
- nazwy, 460, 462
Poniewa,
ubiór wielkoruski,
477,478
690
691
Postoły, hilcze, Holzschuh, 567
Postrzyżyny,
49-149
- błazna, 85, 106, 143
- efebowe, 77
- Egipcjan, Sumerskie, 59
- hańbiące, 82
-- jako kara, 67, 75, 98--103
-- kapłańskie,
71
- mężatek, 93
-- nazarejczyka,
70, 71
- niemowlęcia,
79
- niewolników,
64, 67, 76, 94
- przedślubne,
91
- rozbitków,
89
- Słowian, 54, 117
- stanowe, 62
ślubne, 110
- ślubowane,
90
- śmierci, 103
- trędowatego,
72
- westalek,
107
- wotywne, 77
- wyzwoleńców,
98
zwierząt, 135
- żałobne, 50, 57, 63, 67, 69, 75, 82,
87
Poświęcenie dziecka, 49
Powała nad klepiskiem, 395
Powiązania białorusko- podlasko-śląskie, 191
- łużyckie, 193
'małopolsko-pomorskie,
204
- - ukraińskie,
185
- wielkoruskie,
193
Pożywienie roślinne, 211
Prawo własności, 518, 573
Problematyka
genetyczna,
65, 150,
166
Pros kura, 570
Przechowywanie
ziarna w stodoj~,
393
Przepaska,
ubiór, 30
Przeploty, kozolce, 234, 239, 265, 2G7
Przesuszanie
zboża, 231~283
Przęślice, 183
- iglicowe, 179, 187, 203
- krężolkowe,
łopatkowe,
179
Pszenica, jeżatka, Triticum
compactum, 210, 212
- mieszanka z żytem, 173
-- płoskurnica,
Triticum
dicocum,
210, 212
- samopsza, Triticum
monaco cum,
210, 212
- szpelc, Triticum
spelta, 210, 212
- zwykła, Triticum
vulgare, 212
Pszono, proso, 213
Pyro, pszenica, perz, 213
Polskie Towarzystwo
Ludoznawcze,
165, 615-642
R
Radło ramowate,
174, 182, 195, 199
- rylcowe, 191
Rasy ludzkie, 484
Region etnograficzny,
202-204
- karpacki, 185
- mazowiecki, 197-200
- sieradzki,
193
- wielkopolski,
191-193
Regionalizacja
polski, 165-209, 463,
464
Religia Agomesczyków,
18
- Ewenków, 517
- Kirkizów, 543, 544
- Semitów, 52
Relikt kul turowy, 54
- gospodarki hodowlanej, 443, 448
- trzymania drobiu, 452
Ręcznik w obrzędach pogrzebowych,
567
Rites de passage, obrzędy przejścioKe, 51, 57
Rodziny formy, 497
Rolnictwo,
165
Rolnicy afrykańscy,
511
Rośliny Vi etnografii 575
Rubież etnograficzna,
168, 178, 180,
195, 202
- karpacka, 203
- leśna, 190
- płn.-wschodnia,
165-209
- śląsko-łużycka,
189
Rybołówstwo, 27
Rzeźba ludowa, 598
S
Sarafan,
ubiór wielkoruski,
476
Sąsiek, nazwy, 397, 412
Separatyzm
religijny Afryki, 497
Sibiela, demon, odmieniec,
mamuna,
200
Sieci, sanie, 197
Sień, 450
Sierp
Sitko,
gładki, ząbkowany,
Plejady, 180
174, 537
Słownik anachorecki,
13-14, 35, 36,
Skartowania
etnograficzne
166 157
Skorupiaki
w legendach s~aroż: 575
Smyki,
szlepy, włóki
175 187 19;"
196
'"
Snopki, kuczki,
babki,
263
- kneblowe, 238
toczki,
2-łO,
Societe d'Ethnographie
de Paris, 571
Socha, 179, 199, 537
- na Cejlonie, 501
Sok klonu, 189
Sowietskaja Etnografija,
469
Spichrze, 177, 183, 283-383
- bezpodcieniowe,
327, 3:=;4
-- fundClment, 302
-- geneza, 313, 314, 320
- komory, 349, 354, 360
-- konstrukcja
ścian, 29~
-- koszowy, 312, 320
- lubelsko-mazowiecki,
315, 319
- munwany,
311, 343
- napalowe,
302, 325
- n~zwy, 344
- piętrowe, 305, 340
- podcieniowy, 318, 327, 330
- płn-europejski,
324, 329
- pld-słowiański,
323, 337
- rozplanowanie,
303
- szerokofrontowe,
331, 333, 335
- śląsko-spiskie,
306, 308, 367
wąskofrontowy,
179, 324
- \vieżo\vate, 188
\IT Polsce,
307
- w stodołach,
363
- typy, 290, 326, 332, 342
- zanik, 288, 368, 370
- zrębowy, 314, 340, 334
Społeczeństwa
pierwotne, 519
Stadel, stodoła, 385
Stajnia, 183
Starożytności
niemieckie, 53
Stępa kielichowa,
179
- nożna, 184, 203
- ręczna, 195
Stępor dwuramienny,
179
Stodoły, 183, 189, 383-415
- bite z gliny, 172
- funkcja, 392, 409
- geneza, 384
- grodzona, 403
-- murowana,
405
- pod wspólnym dachem, 387, 388
- poligonalne, 182, 390, 391, 410
_. ryglowo-szachulcowe,
174
- sumikowo-łątkowa,
402
- sześcioboczna, 390
- wąskofrontowa,
394, 395, 412
- wolnostojące, 387, 389
- zasięg, 392
- zrębowe, 173, 402
Stosunki własności, 519
Strefa mai opolsko-mazowiecka,
187
- - śląska, 185
- północna, 193
093
69~
Strefa rubieżna,
186
- śląska,
187-191
Strefizacja
Polski, 170-174,
Strój Andhara,
471
- bukowiński,
567
- Komi, 533
- Syngalezów,
501
- Weddów, 503
- wielkopolski,
583
Struktura
etniczna
Afryki,
Strychy,
353
Suszenie
"na garściach",
241
Sypańee,
sypka,
Towarzystwo
Naukowe
Ludoznawcze,
Pol.
225-228
579
232,
System Labana-Knusta,
586
- liczenia anachorecki,
12
Szlak połonin, 155
Szle, 184, 199
Sznury z włókien drzewa, 30
Sztuka ludowa Komi, 532
- - Wielkopolski,
596, 603
Ściana koszowa, 391.
- sąsieków, nazwy, 399
-- spichrzy,
294
- z cegły, kamienia,
296
Śparogi,
179
Środowisko
geograficzne,
441
Światopogląd
ludów pierwotnych,
577
T
Tabuń,
zakaz, 57
włosy mężczyzny,
20, 23
Taczki, 190
Tańce i zabawy ludowe, 586-594
Tonsura
klerycka,
mnisza, 72, 96
Towarzystwo
Etnologiczne
Jugosl.
555
im. Szewczenki,
474
Tradycj i przemiany,
223
- wysiewania
żyta, 221
Trakcja
bydlęca, 427
Transport,
166
Trzebież
żarowa
w Karpatach,
Typ papuaski,
10
~13
U
Ubiór głowy, 478, 479, 480
- kobiet kanjeskich,
30
- rosyjski,
475-476
- somalijski,
492
Ucho, 47
- wydłnżanie,
21
Układ gruntów,
581
Uprawa
bru, 211, 212
- mieszanki
żyta i pszenicy,
214
- prosa,
182
_ starych
gatunków
żyta, 220, 224,
225
- tara, 25
- zbóż tradycyjnych,
210--231
Ustrój rodziny
Andhra,
470, 471
W
Świątynia
kanjeska,
19
Świetlica,
447
Święto dojrzałości,
51
św. Jerzy, 570
Świronki
kurpiowskie,
327
Tabu,
615-643
237,
187, 189
Płockie, ją,!
Tow.
L>Jd.
Wesele rosyjskie,
508-511
Wędrówki
pasterskie,
lSI, 163
- podkarpackie,
150
Wiara w południce
(demony), 189
Wiedza ludu, 577
Wielożeństwo,
20
Wierzenia
o człowieku
zabitym,
176
- o krakaniu
kruka, 189
- o latającym
smoku, 190
- o piorunie,
184
- o rusałce,
179
- religijne
Żydów, 572
Wieś polska na Bukowinie,
567
Wieśniak
rumuński,
566
Włosy długie, 53
- kanjesczyków,
22, 23
- poświęcane,
23
- rola, 52
- ucięcie, 71
- zapuszczanie,
60
- siedlisko
siły, 56
Włóki kątowe,
175, 182, 187
Wodą kropienie,
71
Wróżby, 569
Wspólnota
norweska,
483
- słowiańska,
184, 187
Wychowanie
chłopców, 24-25
Wykopaliska
somalijskie,
489
Wyprawa
nad Morze Ochockie
472
Wystawa sztuki, 596-603
'
Wyszka,
TUsztunek,
drągi, 395, 396
Zasieki, zapola, stronie, 179
Zboża mieszanie,
215, 217, 316
- uprawa,
2JO-230
- na garściach,
182
Zespół kaszubski,
196
- kociewsko-malborski,
196
- łemkowski,
184
- mazowiecki,
197-200
- śląski, 188
Zębów barwienie,
lI, p. betel
Ziarna
przechowywanie,
171,
183,
179,
196
Ziemianka
Niwków, 525
Zjazd Slawistów,
493
Zróżnicowanie
kulturowe
Polski,
200-204
Zrównania
małopolsko-pomorskie,
178
Z
Zagroda,
385, 439-469
- wielkopolska,
582
Zakazy agomeskie,
24
Zakład Architektury
Politechniki
Warsza\vskiej,
286
- Etnografii
wrocławskiej,
165, 163
Zaloga,
udzielanie,
419
Zarost krajowców
wysp Anachorites,
11
Zapożyczenia
fińskie, 535
- rumuńskie,
566
Zaprzęg
mieszany,
428
- obrzędowy,
425, 426
Zasięg spichrzy,
393
- zespołu małopolskiego,
182-187,
- - kulturowego,
194
INDEKS
Części
świata:
Afryka,
Afryka
Arabowie,
Egipcjanie,
72, 73
59
Azja,
Związki małopolsko-słowackie,
Zwierząt
trzymanie
samopas,
191,
187
173,
193
Zwyczaje
kanjeskie,
26
-- narodzinowe,
568
- pogrzebowe,
47, 568, 572
- wigilijne,
180, 185
Żarna,
543
Żucie betlu, 11
Życie rodzinne
Żydów, 572
Żyto jare, Seeale eereale, 210,
212,
222
-
lasowe,
-
reż,
214
Roggen,
-
stare,
proste, 221
sąsiek, 223, 337, 358, 365
Żytniea,
p. krzyca
rżany,
rżysko,
213,
ETNOGEOGRAFICZNY.
Australia,
Europa.
ludów i narodów.
Nazwy
Ghana, 580
Gwinea,
578, .579
Hetyci, 68
szczepów,
plemion
694
695
Mikronezja, 7, 9
Pelau, wyspa, 7
Polinezyjczyczy,
9
Ponape, wyspa, 42
Samoańczycy, 12
Tongańczycy, 12
Nowa Zelandia, 495
Wyspy Wielkanocne 483
Kongo, 495, 511
Mauretania,
580
Nigeria, 580
Rodezja, 486
Somalijczycy, 488-492
Uganda, 495
Azja
Andhra, Indje, 470
Assyryj czycy, 66
Babilonia, 66
Cejlon, 499
Chakasowie płd. Syberia,
Czukcze, 540
Ewenkowie, 472, 517
Izraelici, 68
Jakuci, 540
Jukagirzy,
540
Karelia, 506
Ketowie, 537
Kirgizi, 540-544
Kurdowie, 528
Niwkowie, 525
Pakistan, 603
Przyamurski kraj, 515
Semici, 66
Sumerowie, 66
Syberia, 530
Syngalezi, 499
Tamilowie, 499
Trakowie, 86
Tunguzi, 540
Tuwińcy, 484
Uzbecy, 524
Weddowie, 502
Oceania
514, 540
Polska
165
Białostockie, 449
Bory Tucholskie, 196
Galicja, 224
Górale, 160
Górale karpaccy, 156
Górale ślą~cy, 187
Krajna, 191, 196
Kujawy, 191
Kurpiowszczyzna,
300, 328, 347
Lachy śląskie, 187
Lubelszczyzna, 352
Łęczyckie, 191
Łemkowszczyzna, 347
Malborskie, 195
Małopolska, 449
Mazo\vsze, 197-200
Opolanie, 187
Pałuki, 191
Podgórzanie, 160
podhale, 149-165
podkarpacie,
449
Podlasie, 449
Prusy Wsch., 194
Sieradzkie, 191
Śląsk, 187, 347
Śląsk Dolny, 187
Śląsk Górny, 187, 449
Śląsk Opolski, 309, 457
Tarnów, 223
Wałasi, 156, 187
Warmia, 195
Wielkopolska, 580-584
Słoweńcy, 560-562
Słowianie Zachodni,
- Wschodni, 536
Bałtowie, 536
Hellenowie, 83
Rumuni, 564--571
INDEKS hAZWISK
Europa
i Australia
Agomesczycy, 8
Anachorites, wyspy, 7-49
Archipelag Karolin, 7
Australijczycy,
519
Kanjesczycy, 8
Melanezja, 9
Ziemia Chełmińska, 196, 607
- Kłodzka, 187
- Malborska, 606
Ziemie Zachodnie, 451
Słowianie płd. 175, 180, 210, 544,
560, 562
A
Aleksandrow W. A., 530
Aleksienko E. A., 537
Anisimow A. F., 517
Arnold S., 200
Astachow A., 512
B
Bachman A., 168, 178
Bastian A., 53, 116
Baranowski B., 416
Baudet J. L., 571
Bielicer W. N., 504, 513
Blaszczyk S., 582, 583, 598, 603
Bohdanowicz J., 207, 283-383
Bolojan B. A., 473
Brasseur G., 578
Bruckner A., 213, 229, 400
Bunak W. W., 484
Burgstaller E., 166
Burszta J., 383, 580
Bystroń J. T., 169, 200, 206
Bystrow A. P., 505
175, 536
AUTOROW
D
Debiec G. F., 484
Dełimat T., 635
Dobrowolski K., 168, 187, 206
Dokladal M., 155
Drljaca D., 544--560, 562, 565
Drobnjakowić B., 554, 562
Dydowicz J., 582
E
Eitrem S., 57
Engels F., 518
Erdeljanowić
J., 562
Erixon S., 166
F
Falkowski J., 168
Fischer A., 168, 206, 231, 279, 425,
563
Franko 1. J., 473--475
Frankowska M., 165, 205
Frankowski E., 168, 611
Frazer J. G., 51
C
G
Campbell A., 166
Chmielowski S., 582
Cholewa M., 187
Chrustow G. F., 519
Clark J. D., 489
Czeboksarow N. N., 520, 534
Czekanowski
J., 149-165, 168, 178,
189, 200, 205
Gajek J., 165-210, 214, 233, 279, 383
Gajkowa O., 643
Gansiniec R., 49-149, 571
Gavazzi M., 563
Głapa A., 583, 586, 596
Geiger P., 166
Gennep van H., 57
Goldziher 1., 53
690
697
Gomes D., 579
Gomolec L., 581
Gostomski A., 235, 279
Gotkiewicz M., 565
Grocholski J., 231-283
Gusiew W. E., 493
Gusiewa N. R., 483
Gumiliew L., 508
Gurwicz L S., 504
Krauss E. S., 54
Kubary J., 7-49
Kusznier P. L, 504
Kwaśniewski
K., 439-469,
578
L
H
Helbok H., 166
Hensel W., 229, 384
Heyerdahl T., 493
Hryncewicz-Talko
J., 149,
~itsch K., 200
~owak V., 279,
157,
164
160,
Lange R., 587
Lebiediew J. D., 483
Lebiediewa
N. L, 475
Lenin W. L, 528
Leski-Natanson
J., 200
Letniew A. B., 486
Lewicka-Kowalska
A. 218
Lewin M. G., 504
Liandis K., 210-231
Lin-Jao-Hua,
469
Lindquist N., 166
I
Inglot
Ł
S., 280
J
E. W., 515
Jakowlewa
Jasicki B., 161
Jasiewicz Z., 582
.Jeleniewski E., 635-648
K
Karadzić V., 544
Karamyszewa
B. Ch., 524
Karapetian E. T., 473
Karłowicz J., 230, 398
Kielisiński K., 600
Kisjelew S. W., 540
Kliasztornyj
S. G., 485
Klimaszewska
J., 168, 207
Kluk K., 213, 218, 229, 256, 279
Koczniew W. L, 499
Kojdecka A., 540
Kostrowicki
J., 280
Kostrzewski
J., 384
Koswien O., 504, 505, 518
Kowalski A., 586
Krajewska
J., 609-614
Ładogórski
T., 584
Ławrow L. L, 517
Lęga W., 389, 605-609
Łuczak Cz., 582
M
Maciejowski
A. W., 54
Mahala H., 208
Mikłucho-lVIakłaj N., 7, 9, 15, 43
Malicki L., 608
lVrartynow W. A., 511
Masłowa G. S., 475
Matuszewska
B., 207
Maurizio A., 211, 229
lVIeertens P. J., 166
Meyer M., 166
lVIeinicke C. E., 7, 43
lVIoszyński K., 165, 178, 193, 202, 210,
284,
383,
Mydlarski
430
J., 150, 164
N
Nasz A., 189, 202, 207
Nikitin B., 528
554,
560
P
Palm H., 285
Peesch B., 166
Pierszic A. L, 520
Podlewski O., 582
Podolak J., 279
Pol W., 187
Poniatowski S., 232, 279, 383, 385
Popiel L., 168, 178
Potapow L. P., 497, 514
Potiechin L. L, 469
Potkański K., 54, 117, 151, 164
Pudlo K., 415-439,
595
Puszkariewa
L. A., 508
Przeworska-Rosen
.J., 613, 615
Suboczowa ;VI., 635
Sulimirski
T., 179
Szipunow G. W., 532
Szmielewa lVI. N., 508
T
Tacina J., 594
Taksami Cz. ;VL, 52.3
Tałanowa J., 494
Tarde G., 170
Tołstow S. P., 523
Topolski J., 232, 279, 582
Tugołukow W. A., 472
Tugutow L E., 527
Turnau L, 584
Tylor E., 51, 115
u
Udziela
S., 187
R
Rajt M. W., 488
Rao W. L., 470
Reinfuss R., 168, 187, 206
Rhamm K., 284
Richards A. r., 487, 495
Rożdiestwienskaja
S. B., 534
Rusiajkin S. P., 484
S
Sahlgren J., 166
Savonnet G., 578
Schier B., 208, 285
Schrader O., 54
Skarżyński
T., 383-415,
Skierkowski
W., 594
Smith W. R., 52
Smoliak A. W., 485
Sobisiak W., 582, 58~
Solchejm S., 483
Sommer L., 56
Stanner W., 494
Staszczak Z., 206
Stieber Z., 398
Strauch H., 7, 43
562,
W
565
Waitz T., 7, 43
Wanke A., 152, 162
Wardumian
D. S., 473
Wasiliewicz G. M., 516
Weiss R., 166
Wieseler F., 49
Wilken G. A., 52
Winter E. H., 495
Własowa Z. L, 540
Wojciechowska
A., 582
Wolski K., 579, 586, 603
Wróblewski T., 279, 544, 57!, 582
Wundt W., 57, 117
V
Valois H., 481
Vawiłow N. J., 211
Vierkandt A., 52
Z
Zaborski B., 168
Zejmo-Zejmis
S., 164
Żdanko T. A., 524, 528
SPIS
1. Ryc. (1). Kopice
pami.
RYCIN
poziomo-krzyżowe
nakryte
pojedyńczymi
sno-
2. Ryc. (2). Kopiec pionowo-dookolne.
3. Ryc. (3). Kopice pionowo-dookolne
nakryte pojedyńczymi
snopami.
4. Ryc. (4). Kopice pionowo-dookolne
nakryte trzema snopami.
5. Ryc. (3). Fragment ułożenia podwalin na narożnych kamieniach
w spichrzu ze wsi Grabczak, pow. Garwolin, woj. warszawskie.
6. Ryc. (1). Ściana szczytowa spichrza, polepionego gliną z Nowej
Cerkwi.
7. Ryc. (2). Ściana szczytowa starego zrębowego, polepionego gliną,
spichrza ze wsi Dąbrówki
Lubniańskiej.
8. Ryc. (4). Spichrz a charakterystycznym
dla Śląska sklepieniu
zrębu.
9. Ryc. (5). Zrębowy podpiwniczony spichrz, typu "śląsko-spiskiego"
ze wsi Okoły Murów.
10. Ryc. (6). Murowany
podpiwniczony
spichrz typu "śląsko-spiskiego"ze wsi Ligaty Pruszkowskiej.
11. Ryc. (7). Kośca spod miejscowości Grosuplju w Słowenii.
12. Ryc. (8). Kośca -- spod miejscowości
Sticni w Słowenii .
13. Ryc. (9). Spichrz typu ambara
ze skansenu
w Bukareszcie
Rumunia.
14. Ryc. (10). Pocieniowy
zrębowy spichrz typu "lubelsko-mazowieckiego" ze wsi Załucze. .
15. Ryc. (11). Spichrz typu lubelsko-mazowieckiego"
ze wsi Gułów..
16. Ryc. (12). Kurpiowski napalawy spichrz ze wsi Wolkowe. .
17. Ryc. (13). podpiwniczony
spichlerzyk zrębowy. oszalowany zewnątrz deskami, wieś LostÓwka. .
18. Ryc. (14). podcieniowy
spichrz zrębowy ze wsi Dylewo. .
19. Ryc. (15). Podcieniowy spichlerz z gankiem ze wsi Łukowica.
20. Ryc. (16). Dwuwnętrzny spichrz zrębowy ze wsi Zalesie. .
21. Ryc. (17). Szerokofrontowy
podcieniowy spichrz z miejscowości
Bubele.
22. Ryc. (18). Spichrz szerokofrontowy
ze wsi Chodorówka. .
23. Ryc. (19). Ściana Szczytowa wraz z podcieniem w spichrzu ze wsi
Winiary.
232
234
262
275
302
294
295
309
310
311
316
311)
31';
318
319
225
328
330
331
33·1
335
336
339
700
701
Str.
24. Ryc. (20). Spichrz piętrowy nad szopą ze wsi Ligota Górna.
25. Ryc. (21). Spichrz zrębowy usytuowany
nad szopą.
26. Ryc. (22). Spichrz piętrowy (nad szopą) ze wsi Podobin.
27. Ryc. (23). Spichlerzyk
murowany
wybudowany
w r. 1957.
28. Ryc. (24). Budynek spełniający
obecnie funkcję obory oraz pomieszczenie na siano.
29. Ryc. (25). Spichrz przybudowany
do budynku gospodarczego ..
30. Ryc. (26). Spichrz typu "śląsko-spiskiego"
o charakterystycznie
sklepionym zrQbie ..
31. Ryc. (2). Fragment
chałupy z przybudowanym
samym "klepiskiem".
32. Ryc. (4). Stodoła pod wspólnym dachem z budynkiem
mieszkalnym.
33. Ryc. (6). Fragment stodoły pod wspólnym dachem z budynkami
gospodarczymi.
34. Ryc. (9). Stodoła sześcioboczna.
35. Ryc. (13). Stodoła wąskofrontowa.
36. Ryc. (14). Fragment stodoły zrębowej.
37. Ryc. (15). Stodoła sumikowo-łątkowa.
38. Ryc. (16). Stodoła grodzona.
39. Ryc. (17). Stodoła murowana.
40. Ryc. (18). Stodoła gliniana.
41. Ryc. (19). Stodoła z desek i murowanych filarów.
42. Ryc. (20). Stodoła ryglowa szalowana.
43. Ryc. (21). Stodoła szachulcowa.
44. Ryc. (22). Stodoła z muru pruskiego.
45. Ryc. (23). Stodoła o dachu dwuspadowym
niskim.
46. Ryc. (24). Stodoła o dachu czterospadowym.
47. Ryc. Typ wieśniaka rumuńskiego
z okolic Solki na Bukowinie.
48. Ryc. Z polskiej wsi PIeszy.
49. Ryc. Fragment
wystawy
w Poznaniu.
50. Ryc. Ceramika wielkopolska ..
51. Ks. dr Władysław Łęga (portret W. Hofmana).
52. Fot. Dr Janina Krajewska.
WYKAZ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Tablica
Tablica
Tablica
Tablica
Tablica
Tablica
340
340
341
343
353
362
367
388
388
38,}
zboża.
308
towe.
13. Tablica (VII). Usytuowanie
w obrębie chałupy komory pełniącej
funkcję
spichrza.
14. Tablica (VIII). "Spichrze-komory"
przybudowane
lub wbudowane
do budynków gospodarczych ..
333
300
313
320
354
360
390
395
402
402
403
405
405
406
403
408
409
411
411
566
567
597
601
605
609
TABLIC
(I). Kopice poziome.
(II). Odmiany kopic poziomych.
(III). Kopice pionowe.
(IV). Odmiany kopic pionowo-rzędowych.
(V). Drewniane
urządzenia do przesuszania
(VI). Formy zabezpieczania
kopic żniwnych.
Str.
7. Tablica
(I). Formy piętrowych
spichlerzy śląsko-spiskich.
8. Tablica (II). Stopniowy
zanik
sklepionej
konstrukcji
pułapu
w spichrzach śląsko-spiskich.
9. Tablica (III). Hipotetyczne
formy rozwojowe
spichrzy śląsko-spiskich.
10. Tablica (IV). Najstarsze formy naziemnych spichrzy.
11. Tablica
(V). Spichrze płn. wschodnie
europejskie
wąsko-frontowe- podcieniowe.
12. Tablica (VI). Spichrze płn.-wschodnio-europejskie
szeroko-fron-
241
243
251
254
265
269
SPIS
MAP
1. Mapa (1). Nasilenie wpływów zachodnich.
2. Mapa (2). Skrzyżowanie
strefy wpływów
zachodnich
z rubieżą
północno-wschodnią.
3. Mapa (3). Główne strefy rubieżne
terytori:l
zespołów kultu-
172
17'1
rowych.
4. Mapa (4). Śląski zespół kulturowy.
5. Mapa (5). Obszar zasięgów zespołu kulturowego
wielkopolsko-kujawśkiego.
6. Mapa (6). Przestrzenny
zasięg sieradzkiego
zespołu kulturowego.
7. Mapa (7). Przestrzenny
zasięg mazowieckiego zespołu kulturowego.
8. Mapa (8). Zasięgi zespołów: małopolskich
i pomorskich.
9. Mapa (1). Wysiewanie i tradycje wysiewania mieszaniny pszenicy
186
188
i żyta.
10. Mapa (2). Tradycje uprawy krzycy.
11. Mapa (3). Obszar na którym słowo krzyć się oznacza wykruszanie
się ziarna z kłosa lub rozkrzewianie
zbóż ..
12. Mapa (4). Tradycje uprawy starych gatunków
żyta.
13. Mapa (5). Zmiany w tradycji uprawy żyta jarego..
.
.
.
.
14. Mapa (6). Przemiany w tradycjach
uprawy zbóż ozimych i jarych.
15. Mapa (7). Obszar
zwartego
występowania
niektórych
starych
upraw i nazw z nimi związanych.
16. Mapa (8). Zasięgi niektórych
zjawisk przejściowych
związanych
ze starymi uprawami. .
17. Mapa (9). Najdalsze
północno-zachodnie
zasięgi starych
upraw
i związanych
z nimi nazw.
2lG
217
192
194
19H
201
219
220
222
223
22!
226
227
703
702
Str.
Str.
18. lVlapa (2). Zasięgi form przesuszania
zżętych zbóż wig najdawniejszych zachowanych
tradycji. .
19. Mapa (l). Zwarte zasięgi przesuszania
i przygotowania
zżętych
zbóż do zwózki "na garściach", w pojedyńczych snopach i w kopicach poziomych w/g stanu po II wojnie światowej ..
20. Mapa (3). Zanikanie
kopic poziomych i ich niektóre odmiany.
21. Mapa (4). Objętość i nazwy kopic poziomo-krzyżowych.
.
22. Mapa (5). Zasięgi form przesuszania
zżętych zbóż w kopicach
pionowych po II wojnie światowej ..
23. Mapa (6). Rozpowszechnianie
się kopic pionowo-dookolnych
..
24. Mapa (7). Rozpowszechnianie
się kopic pionowo-rzędowych
ich
niektóre odmiany. .
25. Mapa (8). Objętość i nazwy kopic pionowo-dookolnych.
26. Mapa (9). Zasięgi przesuszania zżętych zbóż przy pomocy różnych
urządzen drewnianych
po II wojnie światowej.
27. Mapa (10). Zabezpieczenie
kopic przed deszczem.
28. Mapa (11). Zanikanie
zwyczaju
zabezpieczania
kopic
przed
deszczem.
29. Mapa (4). Różne formy kształtu dachu w spichrzach ..
30. Mapa (5). Różne formy kształtu dachu w spichrzach ..
31. Mapa (6). Niektóre formy konstrukcji
fundamentu
w spichrzach.
32. Mapa (7). Rozplanowanie
wnętrza
w spichrzach.
.
33. Mapa (l). Występowanie
oraz proces zaniku spichrzy, osobnych
budynków służących w zasadzie do przechowywania
wymłóconego
ziarna w gospodarstwach
chłopskich na terenie Polski w okresie
1860-1960.
34. Mapa (2). Komora
i spichrz jako miejsce sypialne.
35. "'lapa (3). Konstrukcje
ścian w spichrzach.
36. !\lapa
(8). Typy spichrzy w Polsce.
37. Mapa
(9). Typy spichrzy w Polsce.
38. l\lJ:apa (10). Typy spichrzy w Polsce.
39. Mapa (lI). Typy spichrzy w Polsce.
40. Mapa (12). Nazwy spichrza, osobnego budynku służącego do przechowywania
ziarna.
41. Mapa (13). Przechowywanie
ziarna w komorze w obrębie chałupy.
42. Mapa (14). Przechowywanie
wymłóconego zboża.
43. Mapa (15). Przechowywanie
wymlóconego zboża.
44. Mapa (16). Przechowywanie
wymłóconego zboża.
45. Mapa
(l). Stodoły znajdujące
się pod wspólnym
Jachem z innymi budynkami.
.
46. Mapa
(2). Występowanie
stodół poligonalnych.
47. Mapa (3). Przechowywanie
ziarna \V obrębie stodoly.
48. Mapa
(4). Występowanie
stodół wąskofrontowych.
49. Mapa
(5). Występowanie
"góry" w stodole ..
50. Mapa
(6). Nazwy sąsieków.
51. Mapa
(7). Nazwy ścianek oddzielających
sąsiek od klepiska.
52. Mapa
(8). Konstrukcja
ścian stodoły.
53. Mapa (9). Konstrukcja
ścian stodoły.
54. Mapa (lO). Konstrukcja
ścian stodoły.
~5. Mapa (ll). Dachy stodół.
56. Mapa
(1). Proces zaniku używania wołów jako zwierząt pociągowych w gospodarstwach
chłopskich w Polsce.
57. Mapa (2). Proces zaniku używania krów jako zwierząt pociągowych w gospodarstwach
chłopskich w polsce ..
58. Mapa (3.) Tradycje
o używaniu
wołów jako zwierząt pociągowych w niektórych
czynnościach gospodarskich
i obrzędowych.
.
59. Mapa (4). Tradycje o używaniu krów jako zwierząt pociągowych
w niektórych
czynnościach
gospodarskich.
60. Mapa (5). Tradycje o hodowli bydła "siwego" ..
61. Mapa (1). Relikty trzymania
zwierząt hodowlanych
samopas, lub
uwiązanych,
na stałe pod gołym niebem.
62. Mapa (2). Trzymanie zwierząt na ogrodzonych pastwiskach
i znaczenia nazwy gwarowej
"okólnik".
63. Mapa (3). Tradycje
i relikty zwyczaju trzymania
w izbie chałupy na stałe, lub w pewnych okolicznościach
- bydła rogatego
237
245
217
253
25(i
253
260
267
271
274
298
299
301
304
i świń.
64. Mapa (4). Tradycje i relikty trzymania w sieni chałupy na stałe,
lub w pewnych okolicznościach
bydła rogatego i świń ..
65. Mapa (5). Tradycje i relikty zwyczaju trzymania
w obrębie chałupy w izbie lub w sieni drobiu, zwłaszcza kur.
66. Mapa (6). Najważniejsze
usytuowanie
pomieszczeń
hodowlanych
pod jednym dachem z domem mieszkalnym..
.
67. Mapa (7). Niektóre formy pomieszczeń hodowlanych
pod jednym
289
291
293
307
226
332
342
dachem z domem mieszkalnym.
68. Mapa (8). Najważniejsze
nazwy
gwarowe
pomieszczeń
dla zwierząt.
69. Mapa (9). Próba regionalizacji
obszaru
skanych wyników badań etnograficznych
344
330
3·56
359
363
chłopskiej,
387
391
39:3
.
!
związanymi
z hodowlą·
używane
.
na określenie
.,
PolskI \V sWI~tle uzynad elementamI zagrody
394
396
397
399
401
404
407
410
423
424
426
429
434
443
445
448
450
452
455
459
462
463
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
Dissertations
str.
Jan
K u b a r y,
A contribution
to
the
study
of the
Anchorite
Islands
.
R y s z a r d G a n s i n i e c, The cutting of the hair in the Mediterranean culture .
J a n C z e k a n o w s k i, The Podhale Region from the anthropological point of view.
J ó z e f G a j e k, A studyon
the ethnographic
division of poland
into regions .
Kry s t y n a H o f m a n' - L i a n d z i s, Some traditional cereal cultures in the Polish village during the 19th and the 20th centuries.
Jer z y G r o c h o l s k i, Methods of drying corn in Polish peasant
farms in the 19th and 20th centuries .
J a n u s z B o h d a n o w i c z, Barns, called spichrze compared to
granaries
in peasant farms in Poland at the turn of the 19th
and 20th centuries .
T o m a s z S kar ż y ń s k i, Barns called stodoły in the Polish folk
building in the 19th and the 20th centuries .
K a z i m i e r z P u d ł o, Neat cattle as draught-animals
in peasant
farms in Poland at the end of the 19th and in the first part of
the 20th centuries .
K r z y s z t o f K w a Ś n i e w s k i, Elements of a peasant farm connected with breeding in Poland at the end of the 19th and in
the 20th centuries .
II.
SOVIET
R ep or t s
ETHNOGRAPHY,
an d
Academy
Moscow,
S. W. K i s i e l e w, A short outline of the Chakas ancient
CHAGKIZABAKAN, 1951 (T. Wróblew>.ki)
D u s a n D r I j a ć a. An essay on the state of ethnological
history,
Kojdecka)
gations in Yugoslavia .
V i l k o N o v a k, Slovenska ljudska
turo) Lubliana 1960 (D. Dr!jaca -
49
149
165
210
231
283
383
415
439
R e v ie w s
USSR,
19E9. 1960 (Anastazja
7
of Sciences,
469
.
540
investi544
kultura (Slovenian
T. Skarży)'Lskż)
Folk Cul560
706
Str.
B o z i woj
e
D r o b n jak
o v i c,
Belgrad
N~a r i a n
in South - Bucovina
L'ETHNOGRAPHIE,
vol.
G.
Ethnology
1960 (D. Drljaća,
G O t ki e w i c z, Rites
and
People.
B r a s s e u r,
G,
52, Paris
S a von
of
the
Yugoslavian
562
T. Skarżyński)
.
beliefs
Rumanian
of
the
1958 (F, Wróblewski)
n e t,
Folk
565
571
,
Ethno-demographic
map.
D ie g o
G o m e s,
(K. Wolski)
FOLK
On
first
Poland
S o b i s i a k,
during
(K. Wolski)
of
Guinea.
1959),
Bissan
(the
Province
of
Wielkopolska)
580
,
'.fhe
development
of the
18th
centuries,
16th
the
-
Poznań
bishopric
by
Plock
A.
in the Province
Polish
Ethnographic
G l a p a
Lea r n e d
and
materials,
and
A.
s k i (Jan
Tacina),
S o c i e t y 1820 1830, 1907
1957. (K. Pudło)
raHCI1Heu.
raeK.
06pllA
TIo.nraJIbe
7
[]OCTpl1lKeHl1l1B CpeAI13eMHOMopCKOl!. KyJIhType.
49
C TO'lKI1 3peHI111 aHTpO[]OJlOrMM.
I1ccJle.noBaHl1lł
paliOHbl..
KphlcThlHa
O 3THorpaqm'leCKOM
, . . , , . , . . . . .
rO<pMaH-JIllaHA3Hc.
The
Folk
tional
Museum
art
of the
Museum
in
Wielkopolska
in
Lahora
Province.
M XX BeKOB. . . . . . . . .
594
JlHYlU
Poznań.
June
-
(Pakisthn)
(K.
Wo
in
the
bor.naHOBM'I.
B XIX
AM6apbl
1961 (A. Glapa)
l s k i) .
M XX BeKax .
. . . . . . . .
603
B nOJlbCKOM HaponHOM
. . . ..
li XX BeKOB. . .
.....
. . . . .
KBacHeBcKM.
A
remlmscense
Rev.
dr.
of
Society
in
of
BeKe M B []epBoi1 []OJIOBMłlCXX BeKa.
ethnographer
(Longin
36th General
the
activity
1961. (Olga
of
Gajkowa)
Pomerania,
of
the
Polish
Ethnographic
M. Suboczowa)
and
605
609
615
,
the
II. Or'leTbl
the
.
Rosen-Przeworska)
.
of the Polish
Ethnographic
Assembly
(T. Delimat
total
from
lVIaLicki)
(2. Jankowski)
Szczecin
in Białystok
on
during
Lęga
Polish
Ethnographic
626
.
Society
635
.
and
Russian
(E. JeLen'ewski)
47th volume
of Lud.
(O/ga
in English
Index
of the
Table
of
Illustrations
Table
of
contents
and
in
English
maps
and
Russian
Gajkowa)
COBETCKAJI
3THOrPA<t>J1J1.
1960 (Allacma3b.'1
. . . . . . .
493
C.
B.
c.c.c.P.,
MapbllH
1959,
.
,ll,pJlb~'1a.
469
.
.
.
.
.
..
540
.
04epr< COCT051HJoIlI
3TIIOJIOrl14eCKJoIXMCCJleLI,OBaHI1H
B fOro-
crraBI1I1. ..
T.
MocKBa
..
544
. . . . . . . . . .
B i Jl b KO H o Ba K, CJlOB~HCKall HapOLlHall KyJlbTypa. JIlo6Jl~Ha
(p.
643
685
.
K 11CeJI e B. KpaTKl111 O'lCpK .npeBHei1 I1CTOpl111LllaKaCOB. Lllarl13-A6aKaH,
1951. T. Bp y6:le6CIW
Jl.YllIaH
JolpeueH111H
A Ka,lleMll.Il HaYK
KOllo311J.:a).
1960. p. Pp·1b.'1~G
560
CJ·:apJI~IIlICJ.:II.
fiO)KHBOi1 Llpo6Hb~KOBI14.
11 i s c c l l a n e a
Summary
415
Items.
a j e w s k a,
(Janina
35th
General
Assernbly
the
Society
Account
Polish
Władysław
Dr
J a n i n aKr
Account
of the
Account
the
News
383
3JIeMeHTbI KpeCTb51HCKOrO.nBopa, CBll3aHHbJe co CKO-
TOBonCTBOM B TIOJlbllIe B KOHue X IX H XX BeKOB.
IV.
283
CTpOHTeJlbCTBe B XIX
TIY,llJlo. PoraThlH CKOTB Ka'leCTBe Y[]PlllKHbIXlKMBOTHblXB KpCCThllH-
CKMXX0311HCTBaXB TIOJIhllIC B XIX
KplKHlUTO<P
231
Ha <POHe HHblX nOMellIeH!1H ,IlJlll xpaHeHMlI 3epHa
[yMHa
BeKax.
Ka3Jo1MeplK
596
July
CKaplKHHCKM.
Ii XX
Na-
210
<t>OpMbl []POCyllIKI1 ClKaTblX 1epHOBblX KyJlbTyp B []OJJbCKIlX
KpeCTb51HCKMXx0311ikTBax
TOMallI
Exhibition
165
. . . . ..
pbI B []OJIbCKolf AepeBHe Ha []epeJlOMe XIX
ElKH rpOXOJlhCKH.
M u s e u m s.
149
TIOJIhlUM Ha
Tpe,lll1l.\110HHble3Jla'lHble KyJlhTy-
B KpeCTbllHCKHXX0311l1CTBaXB TIOJlbllIe Ha []epeJ10Me XIX
III.
,....
pa3AeJ1eHIlIl
HeKoTophle
586
1957
Plock,
O H3Y'leHHH OTllIenbHH'IeCKIlX OCTpOBOB.
p bl. TIpHJlOlKeHHe K Bonpocy
l.JeKaHoBcKM,
ł03e<p
of Wielkopolska.
The
Society,
vol.
3,
K o wal
Ky6a
PhlllIap.n
JlH
1960,
Poznań,
CTp,
584
AMUSEMENTS
popularna,
elaborated
I. ,ll,oKJla,llbl
JIll
,
DANCES
AND
Biblioteka
Essays
discovery
579
of Greater
latifundia
The
the
1960, (J. Turnau)
V' a l e r i a n
YKA3ATEJIb
578
.
CULTURE
Poznań
TIPE,ll,METHbl1
Dakar
1960 (K. Kwaśniewski)
jJp:lbS'IG
II
rOTKCBH4.
3Tllorpa!~1111 HaponOB ~OrOCJlaBJoIH,6eJlrpan,
T. CJ.:0P.>/C1II1CJ.:U). .
06P~.'lbl
562
.
11BepoBaHIIlI pyMblHcKoro
lIapona
KomlHC. 3THorpa<pI1~. TO"! 52. naplllK 1959
n'ETHOrPACl>JI
TOM 52, napl1lK 1958 ((/J. B/J.l't!.leflcw)
fi race 3 p II C a Bo H3. '}TIIO-,Jc\10rpaQJH'IeCKall
KapTa. LlaKap
/leach·II).
1960
B f{)iKHOI1 6y565
571
1960.
(K
gaGc-
578
708
CTp •
.ubero
rOMeC.
HAPO.uHAR
1959 (K.
O nepBOM OTKpblTl1l'1 rBl1HeU. nHccay
KYJlbTYPA
BEJ1J1K0i1
nOJlbllIl1.
1960 (H.
[101HaHb
579
BO.1bC/W) ...
Typ-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
580
BanepbllH
C06HClIK.
Pa1BHTMe naTH<pYHilHlI rr01HaHcKoro errHCKonCTBa C XVI
no XVIII BeK. TI03HaHb, 1960 r. (K. BO.1bCJ.:U). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
584
Hay).
BEJU1K0I10JlbCKI1E
TAHUbI
I1l1rPbI.
ro 3THorpaqlll'leCKOrO
06weCTBa,
BanbCKM
.
Hay'lHOe
(fIli
Taljulla)
nilOl.\KOe
.
.
.
TIorrynllpHall
.
.
.
.
.
.
1820-1830,
06wecTBo
bll6nHoTeKa
nO.'lbCKO-
A. rHarra
M A. Ko-
TOM 3, 06pa60TaH
pHaJlbl. I1JlOl.\K 1957 (K. llyÓl1o).
.
.
III.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1907-1957.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1. Agnieszka
.
586
.
594
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
BbICTaBKa B HapOnHOM
RHMBa
KpaencKa
OneT
o XXXV
695
Jleflne
(JJOl/cllll
P03ell-llp:JlCe6opcKa)
I10JlbCKOro
B 6eJlOCTOKe (r.
06
B
06weH
1961 r.
II M.
pel1UMam
.
(Ol1bca
raUK06a).
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
615
626
.
3THorpacPH'IeCKOrO
.
I KUJAWY
OÓweCTBa
.
.
.
.
.
..
-
Strój dolnośląski (Pogórze), 1950 (wyczerpany)
Strój pszczyński, 1954
Strój górali śląskich, 1956 •
1. Maria Zywirska - Strój kurpiowski Puszczy Białej, 1952
2. Jadwiga Swlątkowska - Strój łowicki, 1953
3. Jan Piotr Dekowskl - Strój piotrkowski, 1954
4•• Janusz Swieży Strój podlaski, 1958 •
5. Jan Piotr Dekowski - Strój sieradzki, 1959 •
6. Janina Krajewska - Strój opoczyński, 1956 •
7. Adam Chętnik - strój kurpiowski Puszczy Zlelonej, 1980
OówecTBa
3THorpa<pM'IeCKOrO
Cy60406a).
nellTeJlbHOCTH TIonbcKoro
6j5
COneplKaHHe Ha aHrno1lłcKOM 11 PYCC~O\l lI~bIKaX (J. EJlelle6cJ.:u).
OrnaBneHHe
XLVII
T. Onbra
ra/łKOea
'.
18.50
21.29.25.-
13.50
29.30.-
18.50
25.21.28.28.27.32.-
CZĘSC V MAŁOPOLSKA
1. Roman Reinfuss - strój górali szczawnickich, 1949 (wyczerpany)
Kotula - Strój rzeszowski, 1951 (wyczerpany)
3• .Janusz Swieży - Strój krzczonowski, 1952
4. Edyta Starek Strój spiski, 1954 •
5. Franciszek
Kotula - Strój łańcucki, 1955
6. Sebastian Flizak - Strój zagórzan, 1956 •
7. Barbara
Kaznowska-Jarecka
- Strój bllgorajskl, 1958
8. Janusz Kamocki Strój sandomierski,
1951 •
9. Tadeusz Seweryn Strój krakowiaków wschodnich, 1960
10. J. i lVI. Kamoccy - Strój Swiętokrzyski
.
2. Franciszek
KpaTKoe
22.29.21.-
CZĘSC IV MAZOWSZE I SIERADZKIE
605
609
B WTeTl1łIe (3. fIIIK06CKU).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
OneT O XXXVI 06weM
C06paHHh [lOJ1bCKOro 3THorpaq)[{'1eCKOro OÓllleCTBa
OneT
Seweryn
2. Stanisław
Bronicz
3. Longin Malicki -
.
C06paBMH
cena
zł
CZĘSC III SLĄSK
603
.
(fIlIU/la
06weM
-
strój pyrzyckl, 1955
Strój kaszubs1<I, 1959
Strój warmiński,
1960
Glapa
Strój szamotu Iski, 1951 (wyczerpany)
Glapa
Strój dzlerżackl, 1953 •
3. Adam Glapa
strój lubuski, 1956 •
4. Halina Ml1włowska - Strój kujawski, 1953
MY3ee B [l01-
BocnOMHHaHHe O rronbCKOM JTHOrpa(jJe, KceHn3e np BHailllcnaBe
.uP
-
CZĘSC II WIELKOPOLSKA
1. Tadeusz
..
Dobrowolska
2. Bożena Stelmachowska
3. Franciszek
Klonowski
IV. XpoHllKa
.
LUDOWYCH
1. Adam
2. Adam
(I1aKllcTaH) (K. BOl1bCJ.:U). . . . .
.
STROJÓW
3CKM1bI H MaT~-
HaKH. I1IOHb-H10Jlb 1961 (A. rl1ana).
MaJluljKII)..
POLSKICH
CZĘSC I POMORZE I WARMIA
MY1eH
HapO,ll,HOe HCKyCCTBOBenHKo/ł TIonbwłI.
MY3elł n Jlarope
ATLAS
643
635
TIepe'leHb HnJlIOCTpal.\HH M KapT.
npenMeTHblH
YKa3aTeJlb Ha aHrnl1HCYOM II pyCCKOM 1I3bIKax.
LITERATUR.A
I
13.50
16.50
16.50
26.27.26.29.28.32.30.-
LUDOWA
Dwumiesięcznik poświęcony sprawom literatury ludowej, pod red. J. Krzyżanowskiego i S. Swirkl. Zeszyty: podhalański, kielecki, rzeszowski, cieszyński, dolnośląski, górnośląsko-opolski,
kaszubski, warmiński, lubelski, mazurski, podlaski, pomorski,
lubuskl.
Prenumerata
roczna 48.-.
Zamówienia
przyjmuje
Redakcja
Warszawa, Nowy Swiat 72, pokÓj 121 Konto czekowe 1-7-110090 lub Oddziały Ruchu.